The progression toward shorter steps and slower walking and increased step width and prolonged double support in older adult, may therefore emerge as a compensatory strategy aimed at increasing stability, avoiding falls, or reducing the energetic cost of mobility.

For children with CP, use of specific types of AFOs improved gait parameters, including ankle and knee range of motion, walking speed and stride length. AFOs reduced energy expenditure in children with spastic CP. However, further studies with good PEDro scores are required for more conclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of AFOs in children with CP.

Loss of balance is an important factor in increasing the risk of falling in older subjects. Foot orthoses can improve functional measures of stability in older adults. In this review, results from studies suggest a number of recommendations regarding the optimal footwear for older people to reduce the risk of falling.

An orthopaedic shoe can be expensive, and in particular heavy with most children reluctant to wear it. This study focussed on the CoP displacement and selected gait parameters with an orthopaedic shoe and functional foot orthosis, and showed that a combined prescription of a functional foot orthosis and with regular shoes may be a useful alternative for children with moderate flat foot.

Vibration was effective on balance improvement in elderly subject especially elderly with more balance deficiency and it can improve gait parameters in patients with greater baseline variability.

No abstract

Knee braces are an orthotic intervention that could potentially be significant in assisting in improving the walking parameters and treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis.

The vibrating motors could be recommended as a suitable solution for dynamic balance situations. Moreover, the new vibrating shoe could improve the age-related balance impairments in elderly subjects with balance deficiencies and others with impaired foot sensations. Implications for rehabilitations Older adults exhibited decreased postural stability. Noise signal improves sensation and proprioception in older people. New shoe with vibrating motors can operate in different dynamic situations.