-(Floristic relationships among inland swamp forests of Southeastern and Central-Western Brazil). We evaluated the floristic relationships among 20 swamp forests of Southeastern and Central-Western Brazil using multivariate analyses. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and TWINSPAN (Two way indicator species analysis) indicated two distinct floristic groups among forests, according to the Phytogeographic Province (Paranaense or Cerrado) and their climate conditions, phytophysiognomies, and species composition. Within the same province, edaphic conditions and geographical distance, among other factors, may be responsible for similarities or dissimilarities among the forests floras. Our results indicated that, despite the low a diversity, γ diversity is high among the forests, as a result of the low floristic similarities among the remnants and the high number of unique species (55% of all species). Although floristically distinct, we concluded that the inland swamp forests of Southeastern Brazil and the gallery swamp forests of Central Brazil are part of the same forest formation. These forests have in common, in addition to the swampy environment, low plant species diversity and species that have high local densities, such as Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Cecropia pachystachya Trécul, Dendropanax cuneatus Decne. & Planch., Guarea macrophylla Vahl, Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl. and Tapirira guianensis Aubl.Key words -Cerrado province (Brazilian savannas), floristic similarity, gallery swamp forests, Paranaense province, γ diversity RESUMO -(Relações florísticas entre florestas paludosas interioranas do Sudeste e Centro-Oeste do Brasil). As relações florísticas entre 20 florestas paludosas interioranas do Sudeste e Centro-oeste do Brasil foram avaliadas por meio de análises multivariadas. A DCA (Análise de correspondência destendenciada) e a TWINSPAN (Two way indicator species analysis)indicaram dois grupos floristicamente distintos, conforme a província fitogeográfica (Paranaense ou Cerrado) e suas condições de clima, fitofisionomias e composição de espécies. Dentro de uma mesma província, as condições edáficas e a distância geográfica, entre outros fatores, podem ser responsáveis por semelhanças ou dissimilaridades florísticas entre as florestas. Os resultados evidenciam que, apesar da baixa diversidade a, a diversidade γ é alta para essas formações, em função de baixas similaridades florísticas entre os remanescentes e do elevado número de espécies exclusivas (55% do total de espécies). Embora floristicamente distintas, conclui-se que as florestas paludosas interioranas do Sudeste do Brasil e as florestas de galeria inundáveis do Brasil Central são parte de uma mesma formação florestal. Estas florestas apresentam, em comum, além do ambiente paludoso, uma baixa diversidade vegetal e espécies com elevadas densidades locais, como Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Cecropia pachystachya Trécul, Dendropanax cuneatus Decne. & Planch., Guarea macrophylla Vahl, ...
-It is important to evaluate the application of new technologies in the field of computational science to forest science. The goal of this study was to test a different kind of metaheuristic, namely Clonal Selection Algorithm, in a forest planning problem. In this problem, the total management area is 4.210 ha that is distributed in 120 stands in ages between 1 and 6 years and site indexes of 22 m to 31 m. The problem was modeled considering the maximization of the net present value subject to the constraints: annual harvested volume between 140,000 m 3 and 160,000 m 3 , harvest ages equal to 5, 6 or 7 years, and the impossibility of division of the management unity at harvest time. Different settings for Clonal Selection Algorithm were evaluated to include: varying selection, cloning, hypermutation, and replacement rates beyond the size of the initial population. A generation value equal to 100 was considered as a stopping criteria and 30 repetitions were performed for each setting. The results were compared to those obtained from integer linear programming and linear programming. The integer linear programming, considered to be the best solution, was obtained after 1 hour of processing. The best setting for Clonal Selection Algorithm was 80 individuals in the initial population and selection. Cloning, hypermutation, and replacement rates equal to 0.20, 0.80, 0.20 and 0.50, respectively, were found. The results obtained by Clonal Selection Algorithm were 1.69% better than the integer linear programming and 4.35% worse than the linear programming. It is possible to conclude that the presented metaheuristic can be used in the resolution of forest scheduling problems.Keywords: Operational research; Artificial intelligence; Artificial immunological system. METAHEURÍSTICA CLONAL SELECTION ALGORITHM PARA OTIMIZAÇÃO DO PLANEJAMENTO FLORESTALRESUMO -Dada a importância de se avaliar novas tecnologias para otimização do planejamento florestal, este trabalho objetivou introduzir a metaheurística Clonal Selection Algorithm na resolução de um problema de ordenamento da produção florestal. Considerou-se uma área manejada de tamanho igual a 4.210 ha, contendo 120 talhões com idades entre 1 e 6 anos e índice de sítio variando entre 22 m e 31 m. O problema foi modelado com o objetivo de se maximizar o valor presente líquido global do empreendimento e considerou como restrições uma demanda anual entre 140.000m 3 e 160.000 m 3 , colheita apenas nas idades de 5, 6 e 7 anos e a imposição de não fracionamento dos talhões no momento do corte. Foram avaliados diferentes configurações da metaheurística Clonal Selection Algorithm, variando-se as taxas de seleção, clonagem, hipermutação e substituição, além do tamanho da população inicial. Considerou-se como critério de parada uma quantidade de gerações igual a 100 e para cada parametrização avaliou-se 30 repetições. Os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos utilizando-se programação linear e programação linear inteira. Para a programação inteira considerou-se a melhor ...
The future of land use and cover change in Brazil, in particular due to deforestation and forest restoration processes, is critical for the future of global climate and biodiversity, given the richness of its five biomes. These changes in Brazil depend on the interlink between global factors, due to its role as one of the main exporters of commodities in the world, and the national to local institutional, socioeconomic and biophysical contexts. Aiming to develop scenarios that consider the balance between global and local factors, a new set of land use change scenarios for Brazil were developed, aligned with the global structure Shared Socio-Economic Pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCPs) developed by the global change research community. The narratives of the new scenarios align with SSP1/RCP 1.9, SSP2/RCP 4.5, and SSP3/RCP 7.0. The scenarios were developed combining the LuccME spatially explicit land change allocation modeling framework and the INLAND surface model to incorporate the climatic variables in water deficit. Based on detailed biophysical, socio-economic and institutional factors for each biome in Brazil, we have created spatially-explicit scenarios until 2050, considering the following classes: forest vegetation, grassland vegetation, planted pasture, agriculture, mosaic of small land uses, and forestry. The results aim at regionally detailing global models and could be used both regionally to support decision-making, but also to enrich global analysis.
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