Lactic acid bacterium isolated from fermented durian (tempoyak) was investigated for its potentials as a probiotic strain. Bacterial tolerance toward gastrointestinal environment, adhesion, and cytotoxic activity in human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT‐29 was evaluated. 16S rRNA sequencing identified the lactic acid bacterium as Lactobacillus plantarum. The bacterium demonstrated good tolerance toward gastrointestinal pH 2.0 and 0.3% bile salts. It showed strong adhesive capacity in human intestinal cell line, HT‐29, with an adhesion index of 159 ± 10. Cytotoxicity of L. plantarum was investigated using both live bacterial cells (BC) and cell‐free supernatant (CFS). Findings showed that both BC and CFS of L. plantarum reduced proliferation of HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cells using MTT assay. The results imply potential probiotic properties of L. plantarum isolated from tempoyak.
Sekolah tahfiz merupakan institusi yang mengkhususkan pendidikan kepada pelajar yang boleh menghafaz serta mengingati keseluruhan al-Quran. Aktiviti menghafaz al-Quran dengan teknik pengucapan berulang kali akan membantu meningkatkan keupayaan otak untuk memproses, mengingati maklumat dan membina memori. Kehadiran logam berat akan memberi kesan kepada sistem saraf serta mengganggu fungsi sistem saraf pusat dan periferi di mana akan seterusnya menyebabkan berlakunya kecelaan fungsi mental dan kognitif. Keupayaan untuk belajar, mengingati atau menghafaz, penggunaan bahasa dan untuk memahami sesuatu akan terganggu serta mengurangkan IQ dan perhatian. Kajian keratan rentas telah dilakukan bagi mengukur dan mengenal pasti hubungan di antara tahap logam berat, hafazan al-Quran dan tahap kecerdasan (IQ) dalam kalangan pelajar di sekolah tahfiz berbanding sekolah bukan tahfiz terpilih di Selangor. Kepekatan logam berat ditentukan melalui analisa sampel kuku dan rambut pelajar dengan menggunakan Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ujian kecerdasan Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Edisi Kedua (WASI-II) digunakan untuk mengukur IQ pelajar. Borang soal selidik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data demografik dianalisa menggunakan SPSS versi 23.0. Berdasarkan ujian korelasi Pearson yang dilakukan, terdapat korelasi negatif yang sangat lemah tetapi signifikan antara logam mangan dalam sampel rambut dengan tahap hafazan al-Quran (r =-0.178, p = 0.017). Selain itu, terdapat korelasi positif yang lemah tetapi signifikan antara IQ dengan tahap hafazan al-Quran (r = 0.375, p = < 0.001). Kesimpulannya, semakin tinggi kepekatan logam mangan akan menyebabkan penurunan tahap hafazan al-Quran serta apabila semakin tinggi tahap hafazan al-Quran akan menyebabkan tahap kecerdasan (IQ) juga semakin meningkat.
Drug Metabolizing Enzyme (DME) has been a target of natural chemopreventive agents to inhibit, retard and reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Pterostilbene, an analog to resveratrol has been reported to possess various pharmacological benefits including chemoprevention. In our study, benzo[a]pyrene-induced HT-29 colorectal cell line was used as the DME model. The activity of phase I enzyme CYP1A as determined by the 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) assay was found to be inhibited significantly by pterostilbene at 50 µM, 75 µM and 100 µM (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 respectively) compared to the benzo[a]pyrene treated group. Meanwhile, pterostilbene induced glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly (p ≤ 0.01) at 50 µM as compared to the untreated. In addition, However, the protein expression of CYP1A1 and GST in pterostilbene treated group was not significantly affected compared to untreated. On the other hand, pterostilbene at 25 and 75 µM were able to increase the protein expression of transcription factor Nrf2 significantly (p ≤ 0.01). Results indicated that pterostilbene could reduce metabolic activation of procarcinogens and increase the detoxification process which can be potentially developed as chemopreventive agent. ABSTRAK Enzim Metabolisma Dadah (EMD) telah menjadi sasaran agen kemopencegahan semulajadi untuk menghalang, merencat dan membalikkan proses karsinogenesis. Pterostilbene, analog kepada resveratrol telah dilaporkan mempunyai pelbagai manfaat farmakologi termasuk kemopencegahan. Dalam kajian kami, sel pirena telah digunakan sebagai model EMD. Aktiviti enzim CYP1A fasa I ditentukan oleh asai 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) didapati merencat secara signifikan oleh pterostilbene pada kepekatan 50 μM, 75 μM dan 100 μM (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 masing-masing) berbanding dengan kumpulan yang dirawat dengan benzo [a]pirena. Selain itu, pterostilbene juga mengaruh aktiviti glutation-S-transferase (GST) secara signifikan (p ≤ 0.01) pada kepekatan 50 μM berbanding dengan kumpulan yang tidak dirawat. Di samping itu, pengekspresan protein CYP1A1 dan GST dalam kumpulan yang dirawat pterostilbene tidak memberi kesan secara signifikan berbanding kumpulan tidak dirawat. Sebaliknya, pterostilbene pada kepekatan 25 μM dan 75 μM dapat meningkatkan pengekspresan protein faktor transkripsi Nrf2 secara signifikan (p ≤ 0.01). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pterostilbene dapat mengurangkan pengaktifan metabolik prokarsinogen dan meningkatkan proses detoksifikasi yang berpotensi dapat dijadikan sebagai agen kemopencegahan.
Mutagenic and antimutagenic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from the local fermented durian (tempoyak) was determined by Ames test (Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay). Our study also involved pre-incubation assay against Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100 bacterial strain in the presence and absence of metabolic activator S9 system. It was found that the L. plantarum showed no mutagenic activity on both S. typhimurium strain TA 98 and TA 100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activator. Significant antimutagenic activity (p < 0.05) was observed in both cell-free supernatant and bacterial cell suspension of L. plantarum as compared to the mutagenicity induced by 2-Aminoanthracene in the presence of metabolic activator. Meanwhile, in the absence of metabolic activator, only the bacterial cells of L. plantarum showed antimutagenicity acitivity against Sodium Azide and 2-Nitrofluorene. In conclusion, L. plantarum could play a vital role as chemopreventive agent by binding to mutagens and suppressing mutagenesis. Thus, L. plantarum could be consider as a good candidate for functional food development as a supplement product to prevent development of colon cancer.
Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. or also known as roselle which is rich in polyphenols, has been demonstrated to cause lowering of blood pressure in animal and clinical settings. However its exact mechanism of action particularly from polyphenolic compounds is not clearly understood. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of H. sabdariffa polyphenol extract (HPE) towards vascular reactivity and its mechanism of action. The HPE was studied on isolated thoracic aortic rings from normal Sprague-Dawley rats, suspended in a 15-ml organ chambers containing Krebs-Henseleit solution. The changes in tension were recorded by isometric transducer connected to data acquisition. HPE relaxed the contraction induced by phenylephrine (PE, 1 µM) in similar pattern for both endothelium-intact and endothelium denuded aortic rings in dose-dependent manner 0.1 ~ 0.9 mg/ml. The pretreatment with atropine (1 µM), a competitive muscarinic antagonist, and propranolol (1 µM), a non-selective beta-blocker did not alter HPE vasorelaxation response. In addition, HPE did not inhibit the contraction induced by extracellular Ca 2+ precontracted by PE (1 µM) or KCl (60 mM), in Ca 2+-free solution, suggesting that the relaxation effect of HPE was not via inhibition of calcium channels. In conclusion, HPE demonstrated vasorelaxation effects on rat thoracic aorta although the underlying mechanism is still unknown. The vasorelaxation effect could be via angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition in the vascular smooth muscle cells or the activation of hyperpolarizing K + channel.
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