Drug Metabolizing Enzyme (DME) has been a target of natural chemopreventive agents to inhibit, retard and reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Pterostilbene, an analog to resveratrol has been reported to possess various pharmacological benefits including chemoprevention. In our study, benzo[a]pyrene-induced HT-29 colorectal cell line was used as the DME model. The activity of phase I enzyme CYP1A as determined by the 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) assay was found to be inhibited significantly by pterostilbene at 50 µM, 75 µM and 100 µM (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 respectively) compared to the benzo[a]pyrene treated group. Meanwhile, pterostilbene induced glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly (p ≤ 0.01) at 50 µM as compared to the untreated. In addition, However, the protein expression of CYP1A1 and GST in pterostilbene treated group was not significantly affected compared to untreated. On the other hand, pterostilbene at 25 and 75 µM were able to increase the protein expression of transcription factor Nrf2 significantly (p ≤ 0.01). Results indicated that pterostilbene could reduce metabolic activation of procarcinogens and increase the detoxification process which can be potentially developed as chemopreventive agent. ABSTRAK Enzim Metabolisma Dadah (EMD) telah menjadi sasaran agen kemopencegahan semulajadi untuk menghalang, merencat dan membalikkan proses karsinogenesis. Pterostilbene, analog kepada resveratrol telah dilaporkan mempunyai pelbagai manfaat farmakologi termasuk kemopencegahan. Dalam kajian kami, sel pirena telah digunakan sebagai model EMD. Aktiviti enzim CYP1A fasa I ditentukan oleh asai 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) didapati merencat secara signifikan oleh pterostilbene pada kepekatan 50 μM, 75 μM dan 100 μM (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 masing-masing) berbanding dengan kumpulan yang dirawat dengan benzo [a]pirena. Selain itu, pterostilbene juga mengaruh aktiviti glutation-S-transferase (GST) secara signifikan (p ≤ 0.01) pada kepekatan 50 μM berbanding dengan kumpulan yang tidak dirawat. Di samping itu, pengekspresan protein CYP1A1 dan GST dalam kumpulan yang dirawat pterostilbene tidak memberi kesan secara signifikan berbanding kumpulan tidak dirawat. Sebaliknya, pterostilbene pada kepekatan 25 μM dan 75 μM dapat meningkatkan pengekspresan protein faktor transkripsi Nrf2 secara signifikan (p ≤ 0.01). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pterostilbene dapat mengurangkan pengaktifan metabolik prokarsinogen dan meningkatkan proses detoksifikasi yang berpotensi dapat dijadikan sebagai agen kemopencegahan.
The widespread adoption of cyber-physical systems and other cutting-edge digital technology in manufacturing industry production facilities may motivate stakeholders to embrace the idea of Industry 4.0. Some industrial companies already have different sensors installed on their machines; however, without proper analysis, the data collected is not useful. This systematic review’s main goal is to synthesize the existing evidence on the application of predictive maintenance (PdM) with visual aids and to identify the key knowledge gaps in areas including utilities, power generation, industry, and energy consumption. After a thorough search and evaluation for relevancy, 37 documents were identified. Moreover, we identified the visual analytics of PdM, including anomaly detection, planning/scheduling, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The findings revealed that anomaly detection was a major domain in PdM-related works. We conclude that most of the literature lacks depth in terms of an overall framework that combines data-driven and knowledge-driven techniques of PdM in the manufacturing industry. Some works that utilized both techniques indicated promising results, but there is insufficient research on involving maintenance personnel’s feedback in the latter stage of PdM architecture. Thus, there are still pertinent issues that need to be investigated, and limitations that need to be overcome before PdM is deployed with minimal human involvement.
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