Due to the complex nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is important to investigate agents with multiple effects in the treatment of AD. Carvacrol possesses anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties. We therefore investigated therapeutic effects of carvacrol on cell viability, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in Aβ1-42-induced in vitro and in vivo models of AD. SH-SY5Y cells differentiated into neurons by retinoic acid were pretreated with carvacrol or galantamine before Aβ1-42 administration. For in vivo experiments, a rat model of AD was established by bilateral intrahippocampal injection of Aβ1-42. The groups received 1% DMSO, carvacrol, or galantamine intraperitoneally twice a day (morning and afternoon) for 6 days. Cell viability was determined using MTT and LDH tests.Learning and memory functions were assessed using a passive-avoidance test. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters (MDA, H 2 O 2 , SOD, and CAT) and Tau, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 peptide levels in in vitro supernatant or in vivo serum and hippocampal samples were measured using ELISA. Carvacrol increased cell viability and exhibited a protective effect against oxidative stress by preventing Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity, LDH release, and increments in MDA and H 2 O 2 levels in vitro. Additionally, it improved memory impairment by reversing Aβ1-42-induced changes on passive-avoidance test. Carvacrol ameliorated Aβ1-42-induced increments in MDA and H 2 O 2 levels in in vitro supernatant and in vivo hippocampal samples. However, none of the treatments changed in vitro SOD and Tau-peptide levels, or in vivo serum levels of
Introduction: The aim of the study is to examine the protective efficacy of astaxanthin (ASTA) against the damage that occurs during sperm cryopreservation.
Methods: This experimental study was carried out on waste semen samples of 30 normozoospermic individuals who applied for semen analysis. Semen samples were divided into four equal volumes and 0 μM (control group), 50 μM, 100 μM, and 500 μM ASTA were added to each group, respectively. All groups were stored frozen in a liquid nitrogen tank. Semen samples were removed from liquid nitrogen after 72 hours and were thawed. Motility evaluation of sperm was performed. In addition, sperms were stained with acidic aniline blue to detect DNA chromatin condensation.
Results: The highest motility loss was found in the control group and the least motility loss was in the 100 μM ASTA group. When examined in terms of sperm chromatin condensation, condensed sperm count was higher in the 100 μM ASTA group than in the other groups.
Conclusions: It has been observed that ASTA added to the cryoprotectant substance during sperm cryopreservation positively affects sperm motility and reduces the number of decondensed sperm.
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