The purpose of this study was to evaluate the viral frequency, seasonality, and clinical and demographic features of patients hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis. A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed in 316 infants younger than 2 years of age who were hospitalized for acute viral bronchiolitis. Respiratory tract infection agents were investigated with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 316 infants were included in this study. Of the 316 infants, at least one respiratory tract pathogen was detected in 75% (237/316). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common virus identified in 127 infants (40.1%) followed by rhinovirus (n = 78, 24.6%). In this study, where viral agents were determined via PCR in patients who were followed-up due to the diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis, RSV was detected as the most common agent, as in other studies. In almost half of the RSV-positive patients, RSV was accompanied by a second or third agent.

An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms in asthma through exploring the role of microRNAs may offer promise to reveal new approaches for primary prevention and identification of new therapeutic targets in childhood asthma. The primary goal of this study is to identify the microRNAs that play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma in pediatric age group. The secondary goal is to analyze these microRNAs according to the asthma phenotype, atopic status, and severity of the disease exacerbation. To our knowledge, this is the first research project in the literature which studies the relationship between microRNA expression and the severity of childhood asthma. One hundred children between 6 and 18 years old with a diagnosis of asthma, and 100 age-matched healthy children were enrolled in this study, and the analyses of microRNA expression profiles were performed in the Medical Genetics Laboratories of Ege University between November 2009 and June 2010. The expression of 10 microRNAs were shown to be higher in patients with more severe asthma, and the expression of these microRNAs were also found to be higher in patients who present with more severe acute asthma exacerbation symptoms (P < 0.001). Also, five microRNAs were found to be expressed more than twofold in allergic patients when compared to non-allergic participants (P <0.001). Asthma is one of the best examples of complex genetic diseases, and further studies, which will investigate the relationship between these microRNA's and their target genes, are needed to learn more about the specific roles of microRNAs in respiratory diseases. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:582-587. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Bordetella pertussis infection is common in young infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis, mostly as co-infection with respiratory viruses. The clinical features of pertussis in the infants are not characteristic. Viral bronchiolitis and pertussis cases could not be differentiated by clinical findings. Co-infection with pertussis did not affect the clinical outcome in infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis.

Acute cerebellitis is a benign neurologic condition generally caused by viral or bacterial infections. Influenza associated cerebellitis is extremely rare; a 6-year-old boy with acute cerebellitis, who presented with fever, vomiting, weakness, febrile seizure, and acute cerebellar features, is discussed in this article.

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We report a 10-year-old girl who presented with acute transverse myelitis after breakthrough varicella infection. The diagnosis was based on the development of motor weakness, paraparesis and bladder dysfunction, spinal magnetic resonance imaging findings and detection of anti-varicella zoster virus IgG antibody in the cerebrospinal fluid. This case report highlights that breakthrough varicella can result in serious complications such as acute transverse myelitis.

This vasculitis is described by the triad of palpable purpura, abdominal pain, and arthritis. Purpuric skin lesions are the most common clinical findings in HSP followed by joint, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney involvement. ABS TRACTAim: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common systemic vasculitis in children. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory features of 117 children diagnosed with HSP.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the data of 117 children with HSP, retrospectively. The presence of the cardinal clinical findings such as purpura, abdominal pain, and arthralgia; and the presence of increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, decreased serum C3 levels, leukocytosis, blood in the stool, haematuria, and proteinuria were assessed in children with HSP.Results: Of the 117 patients enrolled in the study, 68 were males (58.1%) and 49 were females (41.9%). The median age was 85 (49) months. Purpuric skin lesions were detected in ninety-eight (97.9%) patients, arthritis/arthralgia in 71 (60.6%), gastrointestinal involvement in 52 (44.4%), and renal involvement in 27 (23%) patients. The median duration of hospitalization day was 6 (10) days. Non-palpable purpuric skin lesions mostly located on ankles were the most common involvement in the patients. Conclusion:Non-palpable purpuric skin lesions were the most common presentations followed by arthritis/arthralgia, and gastrointestinal involvement in our patients. Seasonal distributions, gender, and ages of the patients were concluded to be noncontradictory compared with the literature. Although variable clinical findings in the patients were found, the cardinal features of HSP were determined in almost all subjects in this study.

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