The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. Miaman was the first who introduced laser application in dentistry in 1960 and its hard and soft tissue application. There is lot of advancement in lasers in past two decades. Various hard tissue applications includes caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Although lasers proves to be slightly costlier than traditional treatment but its an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease and comfort of the dental treatment.
Local anesthetics have been used clinically for more than a century, but new insights into their mechanisms of action and their interaction with biological systems continue to surprise researchers and clinicians alike. Local anesthetics must traverse several tissue barriers to reach their site of action on neuronal membranes. In particular, the perineurium is a major rate-limiting step. Previously it was assumed that patients are rarely allergic to local anesthetic agents, but variation in individual patient’s response to local anesthetics is larger than previously assumed .adjuncts available to block sensory nerver are there, but these typically also prolong motor block.
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