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This paper aims to find out the determinants of amount of cash holdings in developed and developing countries. One of the reason is because majority of studies that exist only focus on developed countries such as US or UK. Therefore, it is important to study cash holdings in the context of developing countries as well. Samples are drawn from DataStream Database using a sample period between 2009-2014 by including recent output with firm selection criterion based on data availability of firms (Al-Najjar, 2013), whereas financial firms with SIC codes 6000-6799 were not included as well as utility firms with SIC codes 4000-4999, resulting in total sample of 5402 observations from 23 countries. EViews was employed for the regression analysis with amount of cash holdings as the dependent variable. The results show that most of the hypotheses are not confirmed because of insignificant results and/or unexpected signs of coefficients. As the research about cash holdings in developing countries is not extensive yet, it is possible that there are differences to be found between developed and developing countries.

Financial literacy and behavioural biases are critical factors that influence investment-decision making individual investors. This study aims to identify financial literacy relationships and behavioural biases (overconfidence, representativeness, and illusion of control) which can lead to irrational behaviour in investment decision making. The population in this research data is individual investors who are on Java. Based on the purposive sampling method, the sample was 83 respondents through a questionnaire. The data obtained, passed the validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, and multiple regression analysis to test the hypothesis. Hypothesis testing concludes that financial literacy has a negative effect on behavioural biases, meaning increasing financial literacy, so individual investors are increasingly objective in making investment decisions, and will reduce behavioural biases.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of monetary incentives on unattractive task. Pre-test and post-test were conducted to examine the effect of monetary incentives on unattractive task. The data generated from University Student in Indonesia. Total 53 participant follow two stages of the experiment to do the assignment. The first stage to examine individual performance in the assignment without incentives and the second stage is the treatment group. One group with financial incentives while another group without financial incentives. The T-Test was examining to evaluate the difference between pre-test and post test result. The result shows that monetary incentives could not change people perceived of unattractive task become attractive and could not increase individual performance in unattractive task. But people that perceived the assignment as attractive, they improve the performance when there are monetary incentives. This research found that money could not shift people perception on task attractiveness.

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