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Jatropha species have been widely targeted for its use in oil and biodiesel production. The extraction of oil and biodiesel has been curbed due to the presence of curcin, a toxalbumin that can execute detailed toxic compounds. In silico approaches were undertaken to analyse the inhibition of curcin via pterin inhibitors, which show the structural similarities to ricin inhibitors. The identification of actual residues of predicted active sites, involved in binding with the ligands was accurately confirmed by molecular docking analysis. Among the eleven ligands screened in the present study, particularly, the folic acid showed the maximum docking score, which confirmed their hydrophobic site, hydrogen-bond donor and hydrogen-bond acceptor of folic acid, which could render the optimal biological function through inhibition of curcin.

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The investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of methanolic extracts of Anogeissus rotundifolia (stem) using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All the samples were dried firstly at 60°C for 2 days in an oven after that leave it on room temperature. They were then macerated to powder form with a mixer grinder. The powder was stored in air sealed polythene bags at room temperature before extraction. The chemical compositions of the methanolic extracts of Anogeissus rotundifolia (stem) were investigated using Thermo G C 1300 and "TSQ 8000 "Triple quadruple GC-MSMS SYSTEM with auto sampler Al 1310 Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract was matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. GC-MS analysis of the extract reveals the identification of forty nine compounds. This is the first report of identification of components from the stem of Anogeissus rotundifolia by GC-MS. Most of the compounds in the list are bioactive and possess medicinal properties.

Background: Several types of DM are caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycaemia include- reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production.Objective of the current study was to study the effect of metformin on the level of vitamin B12 and folate in patients of type 2 DM.Methods: This is hospital based study before and after metformin therapy randomized controlled trial was conducted in medicine ward of M. B. hospital, Udaipur. Baseline serum vitamin B12 and folate level of all patients were measured and treatment with metformin 500 mg twice a day was given for 6 months. After 6 months serum vitamin B12 and folate level of all patients were re-evaluated.Results: There was a significant positive correlation (r=0.824, p<0.001) between decrease in vitamin B12 and decrease in folate level after metformin treatment. When analysis for change in vitamin B12 is compared with change in MCV values after 6 months, negative correlation (r=-0.08, p>0.05) was obtained. A non significant correlation (r=-0.08, p>0.05) with change in level of serum folate and change in MCV values or haemoglobin level was obtained.Conclusions: Low serum vitamin B12 level is associated with longer duration and higher dose of metformin use. Routine determination of vitamin B12 level in patients with type 2 DM on high dose of metformin and those with prolonged use of metformin might help in identifying patients that would benefit from vitamin B12 supplements.