Transnational textile companies claim to have put in a place processes of corporate social responsibility to promote ethical behaviour in regard to the economy, environment, and populations within which they operate. However, their true conduct, behind the mask of marketing campaigns, may be better defined as corporate social irresponsibility. The objective of this study was to analyze and explore the processes of CSiR within the textile sector as being the rule and not the exception. A broad review of the available literature was carried out, both as a literal and conceptual analysis, covering 133 approaches to the hitherto undefined concept of CSiR. In addition, a Google frequency count was performed, with a saturated categorization using the five dimensions into which the CSiR processes are concentrated: ethical, legal, social, economic, and environmental. The methodology used was based on a higher order association of these hierarchies, for which a triad model was established, allowing the most representative combinations to be identified. This methodology demonstrated that the environmental dimension is of residual character, while allowing the definitions of greater weight and scope to be extracted. From these, it was inferred that the current concept of CSiR is best defined in a three-fold legal-social-ethical category, based on its frequency of use in Google, its effective application, and scope. The definition provided by this study may contribute to the improvement of the ethical processes of entrepreneurship and CSR by highlighting their taxonomy of inconsistencies, rather than focusing on the preconceived benefits of their actions.

Communication ecosystems have mul­tiplexed and increased their capacity to act, distort, and fight. COVID-19 pan­demic and the response of the Ecuado­rian Government to it are clear exam­ples of the power of media to erode, to influence, and also to produce fake news. In this context, Twitter has be­come more than just a social plat­form, as it helped spread catastrophic pictures of the country, especially of Guayaquil. This article analyzes the tweets posted by the main domestic and global media and by the Ecuadori­an government accounts since the out­break of the pandemic in Ecuador, as well as the interrelations among them and their polarity score. The aim is to show how the government changed its action plan by focusing on exogenous elements that had been excluded from its (pre)established strategy, which consisted in neglecting and deliberate­ly minimizing a situation that turned out to be more serious than officially deemed and that was exposed by un­official global media. Keywords: Twitter, social network, mass media, impact, COVID-19, Ecuador.

The objective of this research is not to produce a treatise on corporate social responsibility (CSR), but to go to a deeper level, exploring its evolution, analyzing its context, and providing a snapshot of its application and deployment in the textile sector. This study analyzes the functioning of transnational textile companies and their relationship with a favorable regulatory framework, together with their adaptation to globalization processes designed to promote their interests. This sector is characterized by elevated levels of textile production that place great demand on resources, which in turn triggers effects on the markets, environment, and working conditions in the contexts in which they operate. The exploration of this new field of legal asymmetry is necessary in order to identify its implications and to generate certainty in a large part of society. The conclusion examines the future outlook and possible consequences of emerging developments in the transnational textile sector.

No abstract

This chapter explores and analyzes the scope of decent employment in the Wholesale Market of Ambato, Ecuador, which derives from processes of informality. The first part examines the reconfiguration of working conditions over time, including the recommendations that have been implemented and how these changes have affected society based on the importance of work in different areas. In the second part, in addition to an extensive conceptual analysis, the data collection (surveys) carried out in the market itself is reported on. In a third phase, a full analysis of the market is presented in the context of its position as one of the most strategically important axes for the distribution of goods at the local and national level. This analysis examines and highlights the degradation of working conditions that are affected by the process informality and establishes an idealized relationship between working conditions and the need to conserve employment in the face of the exogenous agents that influence its development.

La finalidad de este trabajo consiste en analizar buena parte de los sucesos ocurridos en Ecuador a lo largo de octubre de 2019 conocidos como levantamiento indígena. Para ello se realiza un análisis de los acontecimientos partiendo de su línea de tiempo, así como de su ulterior desenlace en base a diferentes procesos de lawfare ejercidos por los poderes públicos de Ecuador, irradiados por varios órganos supranacionales y sujetos de parte. Para ello, se busca comprender la cosmovisión andina, así como los derechos individuales y colectivos incluidos tanto en la legislación nacional e internacional buscando comprender términos transcendentales dentro de la Constitución ecuatoriana como la plurinacionalidad y la interculturalidad. Se examinan las acciones del Estado ecuatoriano junto a su posterior ataque jurídico contra los manifestantes, así como a diversos dirigentes políticos inculpados, todos ellos como facilitadores organizados que ejercen acciones de proselitismo en favor de las revueltas. Se evidencia que la guerra jurídica y mediática son un elemento más del poder dentro del tablero político que, ejercido en manos incorrectas, pone en tela de juicio los pilares de cualquier democracia.     Palabras clave: Lawfare, levantamiento popular, paro, indígenas, derechos humanos.

No abstract

The processes of informal economy are well established, but the same cannot be said of their conceptual treatment in the academic literature. They constitute complex phenomena that cut across sectors and disciplines and give rise to other elements that simultaneously reject and encourage them. For many formal stakeholders in the economy, they are an enemy to be beaten; for the authorities, informal activity is seen as a loss of revenue for the state coffers; for the Sustainable Development Goals, by implicitly recognizing them in goal 8, they constitute a paradigm shift.  Meanwhile, the reality for those involved in the informal economy is that it is a way of life and not a mere choice, one that leads to the most social of all economies: that of necessity. There is no consensus among academics on informality and its ramifications, hence the need to analyze the processes of informal economy from its theoretical construction with the purpose of discovering its range and depth, as well as its interrelationships and theoretical implications. To achieve this, 102 definitions of informal economy were analyzed by identifying and deconstructing their dimensions and performing a frequency count of their citation in Google Scholar. This analysis demonstrated the lack of cultural elements in the definitions, which are the true underlying cause of the phenomenon, and the over-prominence afforded to legal dimensions.