A new questionnaire on aggression was constructed. Replicated factor analyses yielded 4 scales: Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Anger, and Hostility. Correlational analysis revealed that anger is the bridge between both physical and verbal aggression and hostility. The scales showed internal consistency and stability over time. Men scored slightly higher on Verbal Aggression and Hostility and much higher on Physical Aggression. There was no sex difference for Anger. The various scales correlated differently with various personality traits. Scale scores correlated with peer nominations of the various kinds of aggression. These findings suggest the need to assess not only overall aggression but also its individual components.

A scale was constructed to assess individual differences in self-consciousness. Norms and test-retest reliability are presented. Factor analysis of the scale revealed that self-consciousness has three components: public, private, and social anxiety. The relationships among these three factors are examined. The scale was found useful in research on social behavior, and its implications for research and therapy are discussed.

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Two studies investigated the relationship between shyness (tension and inhibition when with others) and sociability (preference for being with others rather than being alone). A factor analysis of shyness and sociability items revealed two distinct factors indicating that shyness and sociability are distinct personality dispositions. Self-reported shyness showed only a moderate negative correlation with self-reported sociability (r = -.30). Furthermore, the measures of shyness and sociability had different patterns of correlations with other personality scales. On the basis of these findings, we concluded that shyness is not just low sociability. Next, four groups of subjects were selected: shy-sociable, shy-unsociable, unshysociable, and unshy-unsociable. Pairs of these subjects, matched for both traits, interacted for 5 minutes. Shy-sociable subjects tended to talk less, avert their gaze more, and engage in more self-manipulation than did the other three groups. In studying social behavior, we evidently need to know not only whether subjects are shy but also whether they are sociable.This paper is based on the first author's master's thesis; the second author was the major adviser for the thesis. We thank Stephen Briggs, Robert Helmreich, John Johnson, and Bill Underwood for their helpful comments on earlier versions of the paper.David Drum and Richard Klein of the Counseling Center of the University of Texas generously provided the videotape equipment and the rooms used in Study 2. We would like to thank Walter Halpenny, Judy Henning, Tim Herfel, and Inez Yarburough for their assistance in conducting the experiment.

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4 current approaches to understanding temperament are discussed in the roundtable. In an introductory overview, Goldsmith outlines some of the major convergences and divergences in the understanding of this concept. Theorists representing 4 positions--Goldsmith, Buss and Plomin, Rothbart, and Thomas and Chess--outline their views by responding to each of 6 questions: How do you define temperament and explain the boundaries of the concept? What are the elements of temperatment? How does the construct of temperament permit you to approach issues or organize data in ways that are possible only if this construct is invoked? How does temperament develop? To what extent do you consider temperament to be a personological versus a relational or an interactional construct? and How does your approach deal with issues of temperamental "difficulty"? In 2 commentaries on the theorists' answers, Hinde highlights differences among their positions and indicates issues that current theories of temperament must take into consideration, and McCall draws on common aspects to propose a synthesizing definition that draws on all 4 approaches.

A factor analysis of the Self-Monitoring Scale yielded three replicated factors: Acting, Extraversion, and Other-Directedness. Acting includes being good at and liking to speak and entertain. Other-Directedness is a willingness to change one's behavior to suit other people, and Extraversion is self-explanatory. Other-Directedness correlates positively with Shyness and Neuroticism and negatively with Self-Esteem. Extraversion correlates negatively with Shyness and positively with Self-Esteem and Sociability. Two of the scale's three factors, therefore, have opposite patterns of correlations with other personality dimensions. The three distinct factors help to explain certain discrepancies found in previous research with the Self-Monitoring Scale. For future research, we suggest that scores for each of the factors are more appropriate than full scale scores. We conclude that there may be a gap between the construct of Self-Monitoring and how it is operationalized in the scale.Stage actors make gestures, speak dialogue, and respond to cues-all in the service of portraying a particular character or role written by the author. Several decades ago, Erving Goffman (1956) used the stage metaphor to characterize the way each of us acts in social contexts. He suggested that we behave the way others expect us to, that we are alert to subtle cues in our social environment, and that in general we engage in self-presentation.A sociologist, Goffman ignored individual differences, but surely people vary in the extent to which they stage-manage their social behavior. To assess such individual differences, Mark Snyder developed the Self-Monitoring Scale (1974). A description of the high selfmonitor is also a definition of the concept:The prototypic high selt-monitoring individual is one who, out of concern for the situational and interpersonal appropriateness of his or her social behavior, is particularly sensitive to the expression and self-presentation of relevant others in social situations and uses these cues as guidelines for selfmonitoring (that is, regulating and controlling) hisWe thank Robert Helmreich and John Loehlin for their generous assistance.Requests for reprints should be sent to Arnold