A two year old male Labrador Retriever was treated with delmadinone acetate because of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Four days after the injection the dog showed gastrointestinal signs and a progressive lethargy. In the hospital for small animals of the Justus-Liebig-University of Gießen an ACTH stimulation test was done and a secondary hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed. The dog was treated with prednisolone in physiological dose for 14 weeks after the injection. The clinical symptoms stopped immediately. A new ACTH stimulation test some weeks later showed a completely normal adrenal function.
Zusammenfassung Ziel: Ermittlung von Häufigkeit und Ätiologie einer erhöhten Konzentration des ionisierten Magnesiums (iMg) beim Hund und Evaluierung deren Relevanz als prognostischer Faktor. Material und Methoden: Von April 2009 bis Dezember 2013 wurden bei 9950 Hunden Serum-elektrolyte mittels ionenselektiver Elektrode gemessen. Einschlusskriterium für die retrospektive Studie war eine Hypermagnesiämie (iMg ≥ 0,68 mmol/l), wobei zudem Gesamtmagnesium (tMg), Kalium, ionisiertes Kalzium und Urinabsatz evaluiert wurden. Bei wiederholten Messungen fand nur die erstmalig bestimmte erhöhte iMg-Konzentration eines Tieres Berücksichtigung. Nach der Ätiologie erfolgte die Zuordnung in die Diagnosegruppen Azotämie, iatrogen/medikamentenassoziiert, endokrinologische Störungen, Gewebeuntergang, unbekannte Ätiologie für Hypermagnesiämie. Ausgewertet wurden Überlebensrate und iMg-Konzentration in den Diagnosegruppen sowie die Korrelation von iMg und tMg. Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz einer Hypermagnesiämie betrug 2,0 % (199/9950). Häufigste Ursache war eine Azotämie (80/199; 40 %), gefolgt von iatrogener Verabreichung (37/199; 19 %), Gewebeuntergang (21/199; 11 %) und endokrinologischen Störungen (12/199; 6 %). Bei 49/199 Hunden (25 %) war die Ätiologie unbekannt. Eine Hyperkalzämie zeigten 24/199 Hunde (12 %), eine Hypokalzämie 58/199 (29 %). Eine Nierenerkrankung hatten 64 % der Hunde (51/80) mit Azotämie, wovon 53 % (27/51) eine Hyperkaliämie aufwiesen. Zudem bestand bei 37 % (19/51) der Tiere mit Nierenerkrankung eine Anurie/Oligurie, davon hatten 59 % (11/19) eine Hyperkaliämie. Insgesamt verstarben 83/199 (42 %) Hunde, wovon 48/83 (58 %) der Gruppe Azotämie angehörten. Die iMg-Konzentration differierte zwischen den Gruppen nicht (p = 0,15). Die Korrelation von iMg und tMg war mit rs = 0,28 unzureichend. Schlussfolgerung: Eine erhöhte iMg-Konzentration ist selten und weist auf schwer wiegende Erkrankungen hin. Insbesondere bei einer Azotämie kann sie mit erhöhter Mortalität assoziiert sein. Die tMg-Konzentration lässt keine Rückschüsse auf die iMg-Konzentration zu.
ZusammenfassungMagnesium ist nach Kalium das intrazelluläre Kation, das in höchster Konzentration im Körper vorkommt. Es spielt eine fundamentale Rolle in nahezu jedem metabolischen Prozess und ist wichtig für die Knochenmineralisierung, die Kontraktion und Relaxation des Muskels sowie die neuronale Erregungsübertragung. Aufgrund seiner Relevanz in der Intensivmedizin kam es in den letzten Jahren zu einem deutlichen Wissenszuwachs hinsichtlich des Verständnisses über die Funktionen von Magnesium im Körper, die Probleme, die zur Störung der Magnesiumhomöostase führen, und labordiagnostische Limitationen. Abweichungen der Serumkonzentration von Magnesium stellen eine der häufigsten Elektrolytstörungen dar und können zu lebensbedrohlichen Zuständen führen. Die _tamen_ Informationen bezüglich der Rolle von Magnesium _tamen neben der humanmedizinischen Literatur vor allem aus der Rindermedizin. In den letzten Jahren beschäftigten sich einige wenige Studien auch mit der Bedeutung dieses Elektrolyts bei Hund und Katze.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of a feline-specific ELISA for the measurement of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and to establish a reference interval (RI). Methods Surplus serum samples with low (~200 µg/ml), medium (~450 µg/ml) and high (~745 and 930 µg/ml) AGP concentrations were used to assess the intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs). The quality goal for bioanalytical method validation was a CV of <20%. Linearity was assessed by serial dilution of a sample with a high AGP concentration. Spike recovery was evaluated by mixing samples with low, medium and high AGP concentrations at different ratios. To establish the RI, residual serum samples from 51 healthy adult cats that were presented for health examinations or blood donation between August 2020 and June 2021 were included. Results The intra-assay CV was 8.5%, 4.3% and 4.0%, and the inter-assay CV was 18.8%, 15.5% and 11.5% for serum samples with low, medium and high AGP concentrations, respectively. Excellent linearity (R2 = 0.98) was demonstrated for AGP concentrations ranging between 251.6 and 954.4 µg/ml. Average recovery was 95.0–99.7%. The right-sided RI for AGP was 328 µg/ml (90% confidence interval 300–354). Age had a statistically significant impact (increasing values with older age, P = 0.0026), but sex did not ( P = 0.44), on AGP concentrations. Conclusions and relevance The ELISA was accurate and showed acceptable precision with the modification of dilution used in this study. AGP concentrations in this population appeared to increase with increasing age.
ObjectiveTo define factors associated with survival in dogs with tetanus and to evaluate the prognostic significance of an established severity classification scheme.MethodsMedical records of dogs with the clinical diagnosis of tetanus were retrospectively reviewed with regard to signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings on admission, wound characteristics, complications, therapeutic measures, and survival to discharge. Based on the extracted data, dogs were graded according to a previously published 4-class severity scheme. Non-parametric tests were applied for comparisons between survival categories.ResultsForty-two dogs fulfilled inclusion criteria, of which 32 survived. Of 10 non-survivors, 4 died and 6 were euthanised. Non-survivors were more often younger than 2 years of age (6/10 vs. 7/32 dogs, p = 0.023), had shorter duration of specific signs of tetanus (time from onset of typical signs to presentation) (2 vs. 4 days, p = 0.016), were prescribed less often antibiotics prior to presentation (p = 0.006), had higher tetanus severity grade (10/12 dogs in Class III or IV died, p < 0.001), more often received acepromazine (p = 0.009) and atropine (p = 0.012), and more often had hyperthermia (p = 0.005) and respiratory complications (pneumonia, laryngeal spasm; p = 0.008). Wound characteristics, the use of tube feeding, metronidazole, methocarbamol, magnesium and antitoxin were not significantly different between non-survivors and survivors.Clinical significance and conclusionYoung dogs with a rapid course of severe generalized tetanus have a guarded prognosis. The previously described severity classification scheme proved valuable in predicting survival. Prospective multi-center studies are needed to clarify the prognostic significance of age, sedative usage and modified versions of an established classification scheme, including the presence of respiratory complications.
A 15-month-old female intact Australian shepherd dog was presented with a history of acute, frequent vomiting and progressive lethargy. Only a painful abdomen was detected on physical examination. Laboratory results were suggestive of inflammation. Markedly thickened gastric mucosa with loss of gastric wall layering next to enlarged gastric lymph nodes and signs of peritonitis were detected on abdominal ultrasound. Explorative laparotomy revealed severe enlargement of the stomach wall thickness and gastric lymph nodes. High-grade T-cell lymphoma was diagnosed on histopathology and cytology. Despite the poor prognosis, a combination chemotherapy was initiated. During therapy, the dog had a good quality of life, apart from mild side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Neoplastic diseases such as alimentary lymphoma are rare in young dogs. With 252 days of survival, this is the youngest dog with long-term survival of a primarily alimentary T-cell lymphoma of the stomach, showing that appropriate chemotherapy can have a favourable outcome.
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