Software bugs often arise because of differences between what developers think their system does and what the system actually does. These differences frustrate debugging and comprehension efforts. We describe Perfume, an automated approach for inferring behavioral, resource-aware models of software systems from logs of their executions. These finite state machine models ease understanding of system behavior and resource use.Perfume improves on the state of the art in model inference by differentiating behaviorally similar executions that differ in resource consumption. For example, Perfume separates otherwise identical requests that hit a cache from those that miss it, which can aid understanding how the cache affects system behavior and removing cache-related bugs. A small user study demonstrates that using Perfume is more effective than using logs and another model inference tool for system comprehension. A case study on the TCP protocol demonstrates that Perfume models can help understand non-trivial protocol behavior. Perfume models capture key system properties and improve system comprehension, while being reasonably robust to noise likely to occur in real-world executions.
Background: Transcription factors (TFs) form complexes that bind regulatory modules (RMs) within DNA, to control specific sets of genes. Some transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) near the transcription start site (TSS) display tight positional preferences relative to the TSS. Furthermore, near the TSS, RMs can co-localize TFBSs with each other and the TSS. The proportion of TFBS positional preferences due to TFBS co-localization within RMs is unknown, however. ChIP experiments confirm co-localization of some TFBSs genome-wide, including near the TSS, but they typically examine only a few TFs at a time, using non-physiological conditions that can vary from lab to lab. In contrast, sequence analysis can examine many TFs uniformly and methodically, broadly surveying the colocalization of TFBSs with tight positional preferences relative to the TSS.
Due to the performance requirements of displays and lighting applications, there is a great need to measure the radiant flux and colour of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) simultaneously in a high throughput format. We evaluate the feasibility of obtaining reliable colour and radiant flux values of LEDs with a low-cost office flatbed document scanner under factory settings versus conventional measurements. Colour purity was evaluated against a spectrometer and a digital camera, while radiant flux was evaluated against photodiodes. Scanner colour rendition of red, green and yellow LEDs was of variable quality. The scanner showed better correlation to conventional radiant flux measurements, with linear least-squares agreement between 0.934 and 0.985. A scanner represents a low cost and high throughput means of evaluating LEDs with simultaneous measures of both electroluminescent flux and emission colour with operational time.
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