Significant earthquakes on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, have predominantly been earthquakes with a thrust mechanism that occurred due to the subduction process and seismotectonics near coastal cities of West and South Sumatra, which could be affected by earthquakes triggered by these seismic sources. We compared the Seismic Hazard Function (SHF) of two coastal cities of Sumatra: Bengkulu and Padang. The results showed that the SHF of Bengkulu is higher than that of Padang. Estimated earthquake hazards are presented in the form of seismic hazard maps expressed as the PGA of 10% rate of exceedance probability in 50 years. In estimating the seismic potential in Sumatra, the seismic moment rate was jointly estimated from the smoothed mean seismicity rate and the pre-seismic subduction surface strain rate model. In this study, the island of Sumatra was chosen as a master model for Seismic Hazard Analysis (SHA). The motivation for choosing Sumatra for the SHA was because of the large body of complete historical earthquake data of the North Western Sunda Arc. The SHF is calculated based on a magnitude range of 6.0 to 9.0 during 50 years with the radius distance from the source less than or equal to 100 km.
s s e l a a r , A lb e r t M . G . K l e in T a n k , G e r a r d V a n D er Sc h r ie r , M a r ia m a S. A b a s s , O m a r B a d d o u r , A r y a n F.V. V a n En g e l e n , A n d r e a Freire, P eer H e c h l e r , B a y u Im b a n g L a k s o n o , Iq b a l , R u d m e r Jil d e r d a , A n d r e K a m g a Fo a m o u h o u e , A rie K a t t e n b e r g , R o b e r t L e a n d e r , R o d n e y M a r t In e z G u i n g l a , A l b e r t S. M h a n d a , Ju a n Jose N ie t o , Su n a r y o , A ris Su w o n d o , Y u n u s S. Sw a r i n o t o , a n d G e V erver
Most of the destructive earthquakes in Sumatra are dominated by thrust mechanisms that occur due to the process of subduction and some earthquakes with strike-slip fault sources such as the Sumatra fault and northwestern Sumatra. Subduction zones along western Sumatra and Sumatran fault zones are active seismic sources of earthquake events. The seismotectonics of South Sumatra can be affected by earthquakes triggered by these seismic sources. In this study, an estimation and analysis of the potential for earthquake hazard curves were carried out in Palembang City due to the influence of subduction zone sources, strike-slip faults, and intermediate to deep earthquake sources. The algorithm of the seismicity smoothing was applied to estimate the seismicity rate for megathrust sources, active faults, and intermediate to deep earthquake sources. The smoothing algorithm is applied to estimate the seismicity rate for megathrust sources, active faults, and intermediate to deep earthquake sources. The earthquake hazard potential curve results showed that the estimated Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) in the subduction earthquake sources bedrock was greater than the estimated ground shaking due to strike slip fault sources and intermediate to deep earthquake source. To understand better the potential ground shaking, the evaluation of PGA at the surface was then estimated by including the amplification factor. The amplification factor is calculated using the Horizontal-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. Based on the PGA estimated at the surface of 10% probability exceedance level during 50 years, the Palembang City has a potential shaking of around 35 gal, which is likely to be caused by a megathrust earthquake source.
The implementation of the Seismic Quiescence Index (SQI) into seismic hazard study and analysis mapped around the off southern coast of Sumatra - West Java. The 15 years of Region Time Length (RTL) were used in this study. To construct the SQI, first of all, we divided the period of the declustered shallow earthquake catalog of observation into two parts, i.e., a period of 1978 to 1992 and 1993 to June 2006. Two rate models were then developed to estimate the probability of a given magnitude and a specified time window. The result was then used to determine the probability difference between the two periods of observation and SQI estimation. The SQI then used better to understand the pattern of seismicity changes for PSHA. To construct the model for SHA is done by developing the seismicity rate model of the period 1978 to June 2006 and then weighted by the SQI index. Furthermore, the median Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of 10% probability exceedance level for 50 years is estimated and mapped. By incorporating an amplification factor, the PGA value on the surface can be determined. The amplification factor is calculated using the Horizontal-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method. This result might be useful for better understand the future PSHA and mitigation before a large earthquake.
Formaldehyde and benzo(α)pyrene are compounds that harmful for health. Misapplication of this compound has an impact in the form of organ damage in the body. This study aims to determine t he impact of the treatment of the combined exposure of formaldehyde and benzo(α)pyrene to cell necrosis in the liver of mice (Mus musculus). Treatment of formaldehyde dose of 25 mg/kg BW to mice was given orally every day for 60 days. Treatment of benzo(α)pyrene via ip at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW were given after 30 days of incubation with four times injection with one day interval. Liver organ histological preparations were made through the HE staining and were observed by BX51 microcopy. The data obtained that is the percentage of cells necrosis and necrotic foci. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 95% confidence interval. Liver organ preparations observations indicate that the percentage of necrosis in the untreated control, benzo(α)pyrene 250 mg/kg BW, formaldehyde 25 mg/kg BW, combination of formaldehyde 25 mg/kg BW with benzo(α)pyrene in a row that is equal to 14.43% ± 0.91; 26.05% ± 3.75; 49.38% ± 2.66; 51.86 ± 1.73. The mean of necrotic foci in liver organ formed in the untreatment control, benzo(α)pyrene 250 mg/kg BW, Formaldehyde 25 mg/kg BW, and the combination of formaldehyde 25 mg/kg BW with benzo(α)pyrene in a row, equal to 1.3 ± 0,07; 1.63 ± 0.61; 2 ± 0.51, and 3.4 ± 0.76. This suggests that the combined treatment had the highest level of toxicity compared with other treatments.
Historical climate data is fundamental for understanding local climate trends and extremes, and evaluating the impact of climate change on agriculture, food security and water resources. The data can be used for implementing adaptation measures for protecting lives and adapting socio-economic sectors to the changing climate conditions. While global climate trends can already be assessed with available data, regional data disparities result in blind-spots for climate change assessments and services—particularly for areas which are the most vulnerable. Coordination between countries is vital, since weather and climate phenomena often span country borders. To contribute to filling this gap, International Climate Assessment & Dataset (ICA&D), with support from the EU-funded ClimSA Programme, is being extended to the climate-vulnerable areas of the Caribbean, the Pacific and in 5 sub-regions in Africa. ICA&D will be managed in each ClimSA sub-region by a WMO Regional Climate Centre (RCC)/proposed RCC. ICA&D stores for each sub-region validated daily precipitation and temperature series collected from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in that region. It provides an accessible, web-based mean to collect, prepare, quality control, and analyze the meteorological data. The ICA&D workflow was developed over 25 years ago by the Meteorological Service of the Netherlands (KNMI) as the backbone of the European WMO data-node of the RCC and implemented in Southeast Asia by meteorological service of Indonesia (BMKG). WMO and KNMI are presently collaborating  to expand ICA&D to two pilot regions, the Caribbean (caribbean.icad-wmo.org) and West-Africa (west-africa.icad-wmo.org). The collaboration has led to setting up new websites which are designed to be user friendly and highly cyber secure. The websites, one for each region, consist of information platforms, including a geographical map with the locations of the stations’ datasets, a feature to quickly plot timeseries from derived data and an e-learning module on the website’s functions. The data sharing policy ensures that access to raw observational data from each NMHS remain restricted while allowing derived indices to be accessed by the public. With support from ClimSA, WMO and KNMI are facilitating the discussion on sharing meteorological observations.
<p>The International Climate Assessment & Dataset (ICA&D) contributes to the provision of climate services in regions across the world. ICA&D contributes both to the provision of climate data and to climate monitoring, thereby supporting the WMO Regional Climate Centres in carrying-out their mandatory functions.</p><p>In WMO Regional Association VI (Europe and the Middle East), the European Climate Assessment & Dataset (ECA&D) fulfills this role and from this the ICA&D concept is derived. ICA&D has already been implemented in Indonesia as the Southeast Asian Climate Assessment & Dataset (SACA&D).</p><p>ICA&D facilitates the sharing of daily meteorological surface observations from countries in a given region with meteorological services in that region and with scientists worldwide, and deriving climate monitoring products from these observations. Examples are the climate indices of extremes, such as the number of warm or dry days, which can be monitored over time in view of climate change. ICA&D complements national meteorological databases in having only a daily resolution and containing information from multiple countries in the region in the same format.<br>&#160;<br>With support from the EU-funded ClimSA project, under which WMO is implementing a EUR 5.5 million grant, ICA&D will be implemented in the Caribbean, the Pacific and 5 sub-regions in Africa. ICA&D will be set-up in selected Regional Climate Centres that form part of the WMO institutional network. Within the ClimSA project, the ICA&D website has seen an upgrade and has been made more user friendly. Furthermore, e-learning modules are being developed to aid the ICA&D maintainers in the region in updating their ICA&D database and website.</p>
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