The optical analogue of quantum weak measurements has shown considerable promise for the amplification and observation of tiny optical beam shifts, namely Goos-Hänchen (GH) and Imbert-Fedorov (IF) shifts. Here, we demonstrate simultaneous weak value amplification of both the angular GH and the IF shifts in partial reflection of a fundamental Gaussian beam at planar dielectric interfaces. We employ pre and postselection schemes with appropriate linear polarization basis states for simultaneous weak measurements and amplification of both of these shifts. The experimentally observed enhancement of the beam shifts and their dependence on the angle of incidence are analyzed/interpreted via theoretical treatment of weak measurements.
We investigated the optical properties of rare-earth ions (Yb3+ and Er3+) implanted into lithium niobate (LN) crystals and observed superluminescent emission from a sheet of Yb ions in the Yb-implanted LN crystal (Yb:LN). Moreover, by directly integrating the Er-implanted LN crystal (Er:LN) with a silicon photonic chip with waveguide and resonator structures, we observed the evanescent coupling of photoluminescent light from the Er ions to the optical modes of the waveguide and microcavity. We measured an optical quality factor of about 104 and observed a modification of the photoluminescent emission from Er3+ ions in the integrated structure. The platform can ultimately enable developing the integrated multifunctional quantum photonic devices.
We introduce our design, simulation, and fabrication for cm-long waveguides and micro-ring resonators based on fully-etched thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) incorporated with rare earth ions. We implant ytterbium ions (Yb3+) into the crystalline host and study their optical properties at 4 K temperature. We measure an intrinsic optical quality factor of higher than 2×106 after postimplantation annealing. We characterize the photoluminescence spectrum, lifetime, and absorption of Yb3+ ions. Incorporation of rare earth ions into LNOI as a crystalline and nonlinear photonic element may enable the development of multi-functional quantum photonic devices capable of generating, transducing, manipulating, and storing of quantum optical information.
The spatial and the angular variants of the Imbert-Federov (IF) beam shifts and the angular Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift contribute in a complex interrelated way to the resultant beam shift in partial reflection at planar dielectric interfaces. Here, we show that the two variants of the IF effects can be decoupled and separately observed by weak value amplification and subsequent conversion of spatial ↔angular nature of the beam shifts using appropriate pre and post selection of polarization states. Such optimized weak measurement schemes also enable one to nullify one effect (either the GH or the IF) and exclusively observe the other. We experimentally demonstrate this and illustrate various other intriguing manifestations of optimized weak measurements in elliptical and / or linear polarization basis. We also present a Poincare sphere based analysis on conversion / retention of the angular or spatial nature of the shifts with pre and post selection of states in weak measurement. The demonstrated ability to amplify, controllably decouple or combine the beam shifts via weak measurements may prove to be valuable for understanding the different physical contributions of the effects and for their applications in sensing and precision metrology.
Engineering arrays of active optical centers to control the interaction Hamiltonian between light and matter has been the subject of intense research recently. Collective interaction of atomic arrays with optical photons can give rise to directionally enhanced absorption or emission, which enables engineering of broadband and strong atom-photon interfaces. Here, we report on the observation of long-range cooperative resonances in an array of rare-earth ions controllably implanted into a solid-state lithium niobate micro-ring resonator. We show that cooperative effects can be observed in an ordered ion array extended far beyond the light’s wavelength. We observe enhanced emission from both cavity-induced Purcell enhancement and array-induced collective resonances at cryogenic temperatures. Engineering collective resonances as a paradigm for enhanced light-matter interactions can enable suppression of free-space spontaneous emission. The multi-functionality of lithium niobate hosting rare-earth ions can open possibilities of quantum photonic device engineering for scalable and multiplexed quantum networks.
By engineering atomic geometries composed of nearly 1000 atomic segments embedded in microresonators we observe anomalous photon emission at the telecommunication wavelength. Erbium atoms are geometrically arranged into a lattice inside a silicon nitride microring resonator giving rise to reduced propagation losses. We confirm dependency of light emission to the atomic positions and lattice spacing and observe Fano interference between optical and atomic modes. Our observation may enable design of active silicon materials and novel topology for broad applications in quantum information.Novel phenomena emerge when resonant modes of a hybrid system undergo coherent interactions [1]. The interactions of this kind may result in engineering unconventional materials and platforms for broad applications. In photonics, the coherent and cooperative mode coupling has resulted in observation of peculiar effects including Fano interference [1], cooperative light scattering, [2,3], cavity quantum electrodynamic (cQED) interactions [4,5], Borrmann effect [6], and topological quantum optical effects [7][8][9][10]. Also, controlling the position of laser-cooled atoms near waveguides and fibers has led to the observation of peculiar effects such as coherent backscattering[3]and superradiance [2]. In a different platform, photon-mediated coupling between a small ensemble of microwave oscillators in a superconducting circuit has been observed [11]. In solid photonics, deterministic engineering of cooperative interactions has not been achieved due to the lack of control on atomic positioning and interactions. Towards realization of scalable and long-range interactions between atoms of an ensemble, we study the effect of atomic geometry on collective photon emission in solid photonics. The atoms, in this case, are erbium ions which are rare earth ions with a telecomm-band transition embedded in silicon nitride materials. The approach enables study of a novel regime of light-matter interactions in solids by designing the atomic geometry and mode coupling in the system. The relatively low sensitivity of the rare earth (RE) ions to the solid's environment makes these ions an attractive substance for realization of linear and nonlinear lightmatter interactions for quantum applications [12,13].Here, by activation of silicon nitride structures using precision ion implantation and through a design of atomic geometries, we control the ensemble emission and study collective coupling between optical and atomic modes of the system. We observe emission anomalies when the embedded atomic lattice is commensurate with the wavelength of the emitted light. Moreover, we record asymmetric lineshapes of photon emission governed by Fano interference between emission modes and resonator modes of the system. In this way, we take advantage of the inhomogeneous broadening of ions in silicon nitride and the topology of the modes to reduce optical losses.We use erbium ions implanted as narrow segments in the SiN resonators, which form a periodic lattice. In th...
We report the result of our study on the dependency of the photon generation and storage to atomic geometry in an optical resonator. We show that the geometry of atoms in an ensemble can be engineered to control collective excitations in a way to achieve high degree of correlation between photons. Moreover, we discuss the role of geometry in such structures to efficiently store photons among a small number of atomic regions.
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