The optical analogue of quantum weak measurements has shown considerable promise for the amplification and observation of tiny optical beam shifts, namely Goos-Hänchen (GH) and Imbert-Fedorov (IF) shifts. Here, we demonstrate simultaneous weak value amplification of both the angular GH and the IF shifts in partial reflection of a fundamental Gaussian beam at planar dielectric interfaces. We employ pre and postselection schemes with appropriate linear polarization basis states for simultaneous weak measurements and amplification of both of these shifts. The experimentally observed enhancement of the beam shifts and their dependence on the angle of incidence are analyzed/interpreted via theoretical treatment of weak measurements.
We investigated the optical properties of rare-earth ions (Yb3+ and Er3+) implanted into lithium niobate (LN) crystals and observed superluminescent emission from a sheet of Yb ions in the Yb-implanted LN crystal (Yb:LN). Moreover, by directly integrating the Er-implanted LN crystal (Er:LN) with a silicon photonic chip with waveguide and resonator structures, we observed the evanescent coupling of photoluminescent light from the Er ions to the optical modes of the waveguide and microcavity. We measured an optical quality factor of about 104 and observed a modification of the photoluminescent emission from Er3+ ions in the integrated structure. The platform can ultimately enable developing the integrated multifunctional quantum photonic devices.
We introduce our design, simulation, and fabrication for cm-long waveguides and micro-ring resonators based on fully-etched thin-film lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) incorporated with rare earth ions. We implant ytterbium ions (Yb3+) into the crystalline host and study their optical properties at 4 K temperature. We measure an intrinsic optical quality factor of higher than 2×106 after postimplantation annealing. We characterize the photoluminescence spectrum, lifetime, and absorption of Yb3+ ions. Incorporation of rare earth ions into LNOI as a crystalline and nonlinear photonic element may enable the development of multi-functional quantum photonic devices capable of generating, transducing, manipulating, and storing of quantum optical information.
The spatial and the angular variants of the Imbert-Federov (IF) beam shifts and the angular Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift contribute in a complex interrelated way to the resultant beam shift in partial reflection at planar dielectric interfaces. Here, we show that the two variants of the IF effects can be decoupled and separately observed by weak value amplification and subsequent conversion of spatial ↔angular nature of the beam shifts using appropriate pre and post selection of polarization states. Such optimized weak measurement schemes also enable one to nullify one effect (either the GH or the IF) and exclusively observe the other. We experimentally demonstrate this and illustrate various other intriguing manifestations of optimized weak measurements in elliptical and / or linear polarization basis. We also present a Poincare sphere based analysis on conversion / retention of the angular or spatial nature of the shifts with pre and post selection of states in weak measurement. The demonstrated ability to amplify, controllably decouple or combine the beam shifts via weak measurements may prove to be valuable for understanding the different physical contributions of the effects and for their applications in sensing and precision metrology.
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