The aims of this study were to determine the feeding effect of diets containing different ratio of ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and organic Zn on egg production and quality of Magelang duck. A total of 90 ducks of 20 weeks old were randomly divided into 18 experimental units by assigning a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. There were 6 dietary treatments, namely 1) ration without palm oil, fish oil and organic Zn with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1: 5 (R0), 2) ration with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1: 1.5 + 200 ppm organic Zn (R1), 3) ration with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1: 3 + 200 ppm organic Zn (R2), 4) ration with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1: 4.5 + 200 ppm organic Zn (R3), 5) ration with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1: 6 + 200 ppm organic Zn (R4), 6) ration with the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 was 1 : 7.5 + 200 ppm organic Zn (R5). Observation was carried out for 9 wk. The results showed that the ration containing the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 = 1 : 3 and organic Zn (R2) produced significantly (P<0.05) the highest egg production and the lowest egg production was resulted by the dietary treatment without oil and organic Zn. Ration containing the ratio of ω-3 : ω-6 = 1: 3 and organic Zn (R2) significantly (P<0.05) decreased feed conversion ratio to the lowest value and it was significantly different as compared to R0 and R5. It can be concluded that feeding diet containing ω-3 and ω-6 with the ratio of 1:3 + 200 ppm organic Zn improves egg production without decreasing egg quality.

The present study aimed to assess the impact of dietary phytogenic extracts on laying hen productivity, egg quality, blood constituents, antioxidant, and immunological parameters through a meta-analytical approach. A total of 28 articles (119 data points) reporting the influence of dietary phytogenic extracts on the productive performance, egg quality, blood constituents, immunological, and antioxidant parameters of laying hens were embedded into a database. Statistical analysis was performed using a mixed model, with different studies treated as random effects and phytogenic extract levels treated as fixed effects. This meta-analysis revealed that dietary phytogenic extracts quadratically (p < 0.05) improved egg production and egg mass as well as decreased (p < 0.05) the feed conversion ratio (FCR) with no adverse effect on egg weight and egg quality. Feed intake and egg yolk percentage tended to increase linearly (p < 0.1). Total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) declined quadratically (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased linearly (p < 0.001), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased linearly (p < 0.01), with increasing levels of dietary phytogenic extract. In addition, immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin A (IgA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total superoxide dismutase (TSOD) increased linearly (p < 0.05) in line with the increase in dietary phytogenic extract level. It was concluded that the inclusion of phytogenic extracts in the diet of laying hens had a positive effect on productive performance, feed efficiency, egg mass, immunity, and antioxidant activity without interfering with egg quality. The optimum level of feed photogenic extract for egg production and feed efficiency was determined to be around 300 mg/kg feed.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding cassava leaf meal and golden snail on performances, chemical, and physical qualities of local duck egg. The experiment used 180 Pajajaran laying ducks of 20 weeks of age and was offered dietary treatments up to 26 weeks of age. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was the treatment of cassava leaf meal consisted of 3 levels, i.e., 0%, 5%, and 10%. The second factor was the treatment of golden snail consisted of 2 levels, i.e., 0% and 10%. Each experimental unit used three replicates and each replicate consisted of ten ducks. The results showed that there was no interaction effect of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments on laying duck performances and egg qualities. There were significant effects of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments (p<0.05) on egg production, feed intake, egg mass, egg index, and egg yolk color. However, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, yolk fat, yolk cholesterol, and yolk TBARS values, albumen weight, eggshell weight, shell thickness, and Haugh unit values were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments of cassava leave meal and golden snail. The utilization of 10% cassava leaf meal in the diet significantly improved egg production, feed intake, egg mass, and yolk color (p<0.05). The lowest egg index was found in the eggs produced by ducks fed diet containing 5% cassava leaf meal, but it is still within the normal range. Ducks fed a diet containing 5% golden snail significantly had higher feed intake, egg mass, percentage of albumen, and yolk color. It was concluded that there was no interaction effect of cassava leaf meal and golden snail treatments on laying duck performances and egg qualities. A diet containing 10% cassava leaf meal or a diet containing 5% golden snail had the greatest effects on the performance and physical quality of egg without affecting the chemical quality of the egg.

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