Species belonging to Lamiaceae family are used as an antibacterial agent among medical plants. The aim of the present study was to determinate the antibacterial effects of the methanolic extracts of some plant species belonging Lamiaceae family which distributed to different ecological conditions in Amasya. The antibacterial effects of Stachys annua, Scutellaria salviifolia and Nepata nuda plant extracts were determined by disc diffusion and micro dilution methods. The antibacterial effects of plant extracts were tested against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70600, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076. We observed that plant extracts had antibacterial effect when they compared with control group antibiotics. According to the results of disc diffusion method, the highest antibacterial effect was identified in Scutellaria salviifolia, Stachys annua and Nepata nuda, respectively. The microdilution method was studied concentration range from 6.25 -to 50 mg/ml. MICs of the most effective Scutellaria salviifolia plant extract were 12.5 mg/ml for S. aureus, S. enteritidis and E. coli; 25 mg/ml for K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. The MICs of Stachys annua extract were 12.5 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis and E. coli; 25 mg/ml for S. aureus and 50 mg/ml for K. pneumoniae. MICs of Nepata nuda were 12.5 mg/ml K. pneumonia; 25 mg/ml for S. aureus; 50 mg/ml for P. aeruginosa, S. enteritidis and E. coli. This study showed that Scutellaria salviifolia, Stachys annua and Nepata nuda species have in vitro antibacterial activities.
In this study, potential genotoxic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) that caused mutagenicity in a variety of organisms were tried to resolve by the methanol and chloroform extract of Echium amoenum (EAmet and EAchl) Fisch. & C.A. Mey. from the family of Boraginaceae, which is an endemic plant, and is used as an alternative treatment among public in Iran. Somatic mutation and recombination test with Drosophila wing was used to determine the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects in our investigations. For this purpose, 3-day-old transheterozygous larvae of mwh/flr(3) genotype of Drosophila melanogaster were used in all our experiments. The larvae were fed chronically on the Drosophila instant medium (DIM) including 1 ppm EMS. However, in another application group, different concentrations (1, 2 and 4 ppm) of EAmet and EAchl were added to DIM including 1 ppm EMS (EMS + EAmet and EMS + EAchl). Then, for the matured individuals, wing preparates were prepared within the mediums that include control group that has only DIM, negative control group that contains dimethyl sulfoxide and application groups in different concentrations that contain EMS, EMS + EAmet and EMS + EAchl. Clone induction frequency for the normal wing phenotype of EMS application group was observed to be 2.00. In the EMS + EAmet application group, the value of 1 ppm EAmet is 1.49, value of 2 ppm EAmet is 1.08 and value of 4 ppm EAmet is 0.72; in the EMS + EAchl application group, the value of 1 ppm is EAchl 1.33, value of 2 ppm EAchl is 0.67 and value of 4 ppm EAchl is 0.56 were determined. This decrease observed between EMS and all application groups in terms of total induction frequency is statistically significant (p < 0.05). These results concluded that chloroform extracts were more effective than the methanol extracts of E. amoenum.
Nowadays, food dyes obtained from herbal, animal, microbial and mineral sources are widely used as food additives. In this study, the toxic effects of three different natural food dyes (carmine, turmeric and annatto) on 72 ± 4 h larvae of Oregon-R wild type of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. For this purpose, four different application doses (50, 75, 100, 125 mg mL(-1)) were chosen by means of preliminary studies. It was determined that larval mortality increased with increasing concentration in the application groups and the toxicity order was carmine > turmeric > annatto. It was observed that the survival rate was highest in the control with 98% and lowest in 125 mg mL(-1) carmine with 16%. In addition, the average lifespan of the adult individuals obtained from third instar larvae was also studied. While the average lifespan was 40.88 ± 1.44 days in the control group, these values were 10.81 ± 0.55-23.90 ± 1.27 days in the carmine group, 15.00 ± 0.80-22.42 ± 1.43 days in the turmeric group and 10.33 ± 1.03-35.68 ± 1.54 days in the annatto group, respectively. According to the obtained results, when both the developmental period from larvae into adults and the lifespan of the developing adults were compared with the control group, the food dyes were found to be toxic and the toxicity order of carmine > turmeric > annatto was identified.
IntroductionWith the advent of technology, issues such as the development of different production methods in the food sector, the increase in the variety of food products, the desire to consume seasonal foods in every season, and the increasing of the shelf life of food products have made it obligatory to use food additives (FAs) (Ertuğrul, 1998).Protective FAs are defined as chemical substances that protect food products from deterioration caused by various microorganisms, thus increasing their shelf lives (Parlak, 2007). To this end, many FAs are used frequently in the food industry. One of these food additive groups is the parabens. The term "paraben" is an abbreviation for para-hydroxybenzoic acid. Parabens are a family of alkyl esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid that differ at the para position of the benzene ring by various chemical substitutions (Sasseville, 2004). The chemical substitutions provide each paraben ester with a different solubility and spectrum of antimicrobial activity. As the alkyl chain length increases, water solubility decreases and oil solubility increases (Cashman and Warshaw, 2005) Parabens are a group of chemicals that are widely used as preserving additive substances in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries (Calafat et al., 2010). The most widely used parabens are methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. Parabens are frequently used in bakery products (cakes, bread crust, fillers, etc.), drinks, fish products, aroma extracts, fruit products, gelatin, jam, gel, malt extracts, olives, pickles, salad sauces, syrups, and wine (Soni et al., 2002; CIR, 2008). Discussion regarding the safety of parabens has been going on for years within the scientific community. Many studies have put forth results stating that parabens are not toxic and that they can be used safely (Soni et al., 2005). However, with the detection of paraben traces in some breast tumors (Darbre et al., 2004) and various news items in the media regarding evidence that parabens are hazardous to human health, issues regarding the reliability of these substances have resurfaced.Today, it is now known whether many FAs including parabens have toxic effects or not and yet these substances continue to be used recklessly. One of the most widely used genotoxicity tests carried out on insects is the wing somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) carried out with Drosophila (Demir et al., 2013). SMART enables the determination of the genetic results of various chromosome aberrations such as point mutation, deletion, translocation, somatic recombination, and chromosome loss or nondisjunction (Graf et al., 1984).
Abstract. Arti cial azo dyes are widely used as coloring agents for foodstu s, drugs, and cosmetics. In this study, the toxic e ects of four di erent synthetic food dyes (Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow, Amaranth, Tartrazine) on 72 4h larvae of Oregon (R) wild type of Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. In addition, depending on chronic feeding, the life span of the ies was determined. For this purpose, six di erent concentrations of food dyes (5,10,15,20, 25, and 30 mg mL 1 ) were selected by preliminary studies to determine LD 100 values. The e ects of the food dyes on longevity were studied separately in female and male populations. It was determined that the maximum mean life span of the female and male D. melanogaster populations decreased with increasing concentrations of food dyes. Based on the results obtained from the larval mortality and life span experiments, the order of toxicity for food dyes was: Tartrazine > Amaranth > Sunset Yellow Ponceau 4R.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.