Judicial activism plays an important role in shaping various countries' political contexts with different political systems and regime types. Academic literature and debates are divided among various groups in favour and against judicial activism. This work reviews range of available data to probe case of judicial activism in Pakistan from 2005 to 2013. Judicial activism in Pakistan seemed to be short-lived and selective in nature. The Supreme Court of Pakistan (SCP) exercised activism without limits in cases against representative parliamentarians who were already constrained in many matters by other unconstitutional powers. No doubt, it reviewed various malpractices of the executive in the domain of public policy and governance, which enhanced its legitimacy and popularity. A vibrant media further contributed to the Court's popularity. But the transgression of institutional boundaries by the apex court for 'pious' objectives failed to introduce judicial reforms and eradication of corruption in the lower judiciary. Selectivity in the SCP activism was visible in its limitation to implement some of its verdicts against ex-military officers. This paper discusses these contradictions within the activism by the higher judiciary in Pakistan, and suggests various recommendations in the latter part of the paper.
The study was initiated to measure the utilization of remittances on productive and nonproductive purposes in the hilly area of district Chitral. Three villages were purposively selected for analysis, and 150 respondents were selected randomly for face-to-face interview. The utilization was measured using t-test and percentage changes. The main indicators used in the research were education, income and expenditure. It was found that the remittances have a positive impact on the families left behind by the migrants. Thus overall, the results showed a positive effect on the socio-economic wellbeing of the respondents.
The unanticipated domestic and international changes in conjunction with policy discretion become reason for shocks to overall economy that affect overall economic growth. Based on methodology by Blanchard and Perotti (2002) the study used timing of fiscal decisions in a Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) to map dynamics of shocks due to tax revenue, government expenditures and aggregate output in Pakistan. When tax decisions precede expenditure decision, the tax shocks have a volatile short run impact causing expenditures to sharply adjust. Expenditure shocks persistently increase tax revenues and government expenditures. But in the second specification, expenditure shocks reduce the tax revenue and aggregate output that reverts to equilibrium only in the long run. The response of output shocks is almost identical for both the scenarios. Therefore, growth in output increases taxes collection in Pakistan enabling better management of burden of debt and deficit.
This paper focuses on the sexual health of women and their counteractive action practices against cancer. Steady with acknowledged definitions, inside the extent of this exploration, women's sexual well-being envelops regenerative wellbeing and fruitfulness and the physical, mental, enthusiastic what's more, cultural and social betterment identified with sexuality during a life of an individual. Albeit sexual wellbeing is a phenomenon which is extremely personal to an individual, it is basically impacted by different factors including the personality of an individual, kind of family to which individuals belong, group of friends and peers in which individuals live, and the state laws to which individuals are subjected. These factors are beyond individuals’ control. Other than physical, mental and subjective markers, sexual wellbeing is influenced by political and monetary variables, standards, parts, social qualities, and religious convictions. This article, reflecting on the sexual health of women, presents information generally from creating nations. Also, it provides a circumstantial examination of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and an understanding of contraceptives’ uses in Pakistan. Further, this paper reflects upon on socio-religious context of Pakistan that affects data on sexual wellbeing. This paper's important contribution is to provide a survey of the integrative model of conduct expectation (Fishbein, 2000) and provide socio-religious and legal perspectives on women sexual health.
The development of a society depends upon the social cohesion of all its institutions. Likewise, the growth of agriculture is also relying on the peaceful environment of the society. This particular study was conducted to know about the negative effects of land disputes on agricultural productivity in two districts (Charsadda and Mardan) of Pakistan. A sample of 384 farmers were selected through multistage random sampling method. The data from these farmers were collected through a well-designed interview schedule adopted from the literature review, following the ethics of research and culture of the area. Results showed that the association between land disputes and net income from agricultural production was found non-significant & positive (p=0.992; = 0.039) for the high socio-economic group, highly significant and negative (P=0.000; = -0.204) for middle socio-economic group, however, was non-significant and negative (P=0.523 & Tc= -0.162) for low-income groups. Value of level of significance and Tc for entire table show highly significant and negative (P=0.000 & Tc= -0.131) association between land disputes and agricultural productivity for all the three socio-economic groups which indicated a spurious relationship based on socio-economic statuses of the respondents. The study recommended that correction, computerization, and regular updation of land records may overcome land disputes which would also aid in the avoidance of wastage of financial, social, and time resources and its positive utilization in agricultural production.
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