Objective:To determine the frequency of urinary tract infections and antibiotic sensitivity among patients with diabetes.Methods:This observational study was carried out in Microbiology Department of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), Baqai Medical University from April 2015 to June 2016. All patients with diabetes having symptoms of UTI attending out patients department of BIDE were analyzed. All samples received in the laboratory were processed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern was determined by disc diffusion method.Results:A total number of 199 urine specimens, frequency of UTI were 24 (12.06%) in male and 175 (87.94%) in female. UTIs were highly found in (age group 51-60) 70 (35.18%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent pathogen (71%), followed by Klebsiellapneumoniae (7.48%), Proteus mirabilis (1.87%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.35%), Candida (5.61%) and Candidaalbicans were (2.80%). Majority of gram negative uropathogens were shown high sensitivity towards Imipenem and Piperacillin / Tazobactam followed by Nitrofurantion, Ceftriaxone, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacine, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Cefixime, Nalidixic acid and Cephradine. Gram positive was most sensitive to Nitrofurantionand Vancomycin followed by Piperacillin / Tazobactam, Imipenem, Cephradine, Ceftriaxone, Norfloxacin and Cefixime.Conclusion:We observed the higher frequency of UTIs in female as compared to male participants due to poor hygiene. E.coli was the most frequent pathogen responsible for UTI in patients with diabetes, followed by Staphylococcus aureus.

High-quality images of the aqueous outflow pathway can be obtained with a clinical device, avoiding postacquisition processing. In vivo SC and CC microstructures vary considerably among individuals and regions. SC tends to be larger in regions with more CCs.

Background/aim: The aim of this study is to find the association between diabetic microvascular complications and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study based on hospital data records from January 2005 to May 2016 at the Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology. The eligibility criteria included subjects with type 2 diabetes with their latest complete blood count while subjects with conditions such as chronic inflammation, cancer, heart failure, and end-stage renal disease were not eligible for inclusion. Subjects were divided into two groups: one with any microvascular complications and the other with no microvascular complications. Body mass index, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure were measured. Results: Out of 5620 type 2 diabetic subjects, 3202 (57%) were male and (2418) 43% were female. Among these, 3374 diabetic subjects had one or more microvascular complications and 2246 had no microvascular complications. The NLR was found to be 1.14 times higher in diabetic subjects with at least one microvascular complication as compared to diabetic subjects without any complications (4.34 ± 3.32 vs. 3.36 ± 2.67; P < 0.0001). Factors likely associated with microvascular complications were high levels of NLR, HbA1c, serum creatinine, and systolic blood pressure and longer duration of diabetes. Conclusion: According to the results, the NLR is an efficient, cheaper, and readily available marker of inflammation and it is known as an important predictor for the existence of microvascular complications in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To evaluate frequency and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methodology This prospective observational study was conducted from January 2017 to June 2017 at the outpatient department of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE) and Baqai Medical University a tertiary care diabetes hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Convenience sampling was done. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical data were collected, and ophthalmic screening was performed by funduscopy at a slit lamp biomicroscopy with the help 90 D fundus lens. Grading of diabetic retinopathy was done according to the modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Disease Severity Scale (ETDRS) criteria. Result Retinopathy was present in 17.5% of patients. Non-sight-threatening retinopathy was found in 15.2% and sightthreatening retinopathy was found in 17.6%. In table 4, logistic regression analysis determined the relationship between retinopathy and its possible risk factors. In univariate logistic regression model, Age, poor glycemic control and longer duration of diabetes were found to be significant risk factors for developing retinopathy. In multivariate logistic regression model, duration of diabetes remained significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. Additionally, gender was not significantly associated in univariate analysis but it became significant after adjustment in multivariate model. Conclusion An early screening program reduces the risk of incidence of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, screening of retinopathy should be done once in a year.