CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 powders were synthesized by sonochemical-assisted process via a precursor solution of calcium nitrate trihydrate, titanium isopropoxide and copper nitrate trihydrate. The reaction process was conducted with the assistance of intense sonication using Sonics Model VCX 750 until the completely precipitated product was reached, followed by calcinations process. The physical microstructures, morphologies of as-prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. From XRD observation, it is evident that CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 ceramic could be obtained by this synthesis process. It was additionally revealed that its crystallization and particle size was strongly dependent on the reaction time and calcinations temperature.
The CMOS fabrication technology requires both nchannel (NMOS) and p-channel (PMOS) transistors be built on the same substrate. To ensure the reliability of the circuit performance over the temperature range, the circuits must be designed accommodate the basic variations parameters as a function of parameter. The temperature dependence of the MOSFET parameters as well as the small dimension effects on the dc characteristics of submicrometer CMOS inverters operated over the temperature range of 27-125 degree Celsius are presented. The results show that the threshold voltage temperature coefficient (TCV) of both devices increased as the channel width decreased. PMOS has a larger affect more than NMOS because of a buried channel device. The Voltage Transfer Characteristics (VTC) of an inverter shows a symmetrical gate at W R is 2.0. However, the narrow channel effect, threshold voltage matching and ratio B R are key problem of CMOS inverter worked. Finally, these results will support the process engineer, circuit designer to improve device performance in the next fabrication.
Effects of the Co3O4 nanoparticle on the phase formation, microstructure and dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics are investigated in this study. Co3O4 -doped BaTiO3 ceramics were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method followed by normal sintering in air. Systematic studies of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and dielectric spectroscopy with varying doping levels were performed. The cell parameters, tetragonality and crystallite size of doped ceramics also were calculated from XRD data. Results showed that the single phase of BaTiO3 gave no evidence of unwanted peak forms in any of the samples. Cubic phase occurred after adding Co3O4 at 0.25 mol%. Various grain sizes and shapes were found in this system. Finally, adding Co3O4 in BaTiO3 ceramics resulted in shifting of the Curie point to a lower temperature. The composition, x = 0.25, showed different dielectric behavior, which related to appearance of the cubic phase and fine grain microstructure.
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