Objective: To highlight the scientific production related to the use of the retrospective chart review methods to assess the incidence and preventability of adverse events in hospitals. Method: An integrative review in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE databases conducted in May 2019 with the following guiding question: What is known about the retrospective chart review methods to assess the incidence and preventability of adverse events in hospitals? Subsequently, the categorization, synthesis, and classification of the evidence levels of the included publications were performed. Results: In the 13 selected studies, the instruments adopted to assess the occurrence of adverse events were the Harvard Medical Practice Study, the Canadian Adverse Event Study, the Quality in Australian Health Care Study, and the Global Trigger Tool. Incidence ranged from 5.7 to 14.2%, while preventability ranged from 31 to 83%. Conclusion: Differences in incidence and preventability were found, showing different results in the quality of care provided, the information registered in medical records, the screening criteria used, and the assessments of the reviewers.

Objective: To reflect on the main characteristics and recommendations of Incident Reporting Systems, discuss the population’s participation in reporting, and point out challenges in the Brazilian system. Method: Reflection study, based on Ordinance No. 529/13, which instituted the National Patient Safety Program, under Collegiate Board Resolution (CBR) No. 36/13; reflections by experts were added. Results: Reporting systems are a source for learning and monitoring, allow early detection of incidents, investigations and, mainly, the generation of recommendations prior to recurrences, in addition to raising information for patients and relatives. There is little participation of the population in the reporting, regardless of the type of system and characteristics such as confidentiality, anonymity, and mandatory nature. Final Considerations: In Brazil, although reporting is mandatory, there is an urgency to advance the involvement and participation of the population, professionals, and institutions. To simplify data entry by improving the interface and importing data from the reporting system is an objective to be achieved.

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RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a incidência de eventos adversos evitáveis relacionados ao cuidado em saúde em pacientes adultos internados em hospitais públicos brasileiros. Métodos: estudo observacional, analítico, de corte retrospectivo, baseado na revisão de prontuários. Resultados: avaliaram-se prontuários de 370 pacientes, dos quais 58 sofreram pelo menos um evento adverso. A incidência de eventos adversos correspondeu a 15,7%. Os eventos adversos foram vinculados: à infecção relacionada à assistência à saúde (47,1%) e a procedimentos (24,5%), predominantemente. No que tange à gravidade dos eventos adversos, averiguou-se que 13,7% foram considerados leves, 51,0%, moderados e 35,3%, graves. Classificou-se como evitáveis 99% dos eventos adversos. Pacientes internados em caráter de urgência apresentaram risco 3,73 vezes maior para a ocorrência de um evento adverso. Conclusões: os resultados deste estudo apontam elevada incidência de eventos adversos evitáveis e contribuem para evidenciar a necessidade de intervenções na prática assistencial.