Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilized collagen (PSC) were prepared from the waste freshwater carp fish scales. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that purified collagens were composed of at least two different chains which were in accordance with the type I collagen with α chain composition of (α<sub>1</sub>)<sub>2</sub>α<sub>2</sub>. Compared with the carp fish ordinary muscle type I collagen , porcine dermis type I collagen and other seawater fish collagens, freshwater carp fish scales collagen contained relative high half-cystine (Cys-s), but lower denaturation temperature(Td) than the porcine dermis type I collagen. These collagens had evident absorption at 230 nm by UV-Vis spectra. The spectrum X-ray diffraction showed that the collagen remained single-helix and tri-helix configuration with the minimum values of the repeat spacings (d) of about 4.48 Å and 11.87 Å. Therefore, to make more effective use of limited-resources, carp fish scales can be a potential resource for the extraction of type I collagen or gelatin
Aims
To evaluate the association between glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) and the risk of bone fracture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Materials and methods
We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to 28 February 2018 and identified eligible randomized controlled trials. The following data were extracted from each study: first author, year of publication, sample size, patient characteristics, study design, intervention drug, control drug, follow‐up time, and incident bone fracture events. A meta‐analysis was conducted using Review Manager 5.3 software to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous variables.
Results
A total of 38 studies with 39 795 patients with T2DM were included. There were 241 incident bone fracture cases (107 in the GLP‐1 RAs group and 134 in the control group). Compared with patients who received placebo and other anti‐diabetic drugs, those who received GLP‐1 RAs treatment showed a pooled OR of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56‐0.91) for bone fracture. Subgroup analysis showed that treatments with liraglutide and lixisenatide were associated with significantly reduced risk of bone fractures (ORs, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38‐0.81 and 0.55; 95% CI, 0.31‐0.97, respectively). However, other GLP‐1 RAs did not show superiority to placebo or other anti‐diabetic drugs. Moreover, these beneficial effects were dependent on the duration of GLP‐1 RAs treatment, only a GLP‐1 RAs treatment period of more than 52 weeks could significantly lower the risk of bone fracture in patients with T2DM (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56‐0.91).
Conclusions
Compared with placebo and other anti‐diabetic drugs, liraglutide and lixisenatide were associated with a significant reduction in the risk of bone fractures, and the beneficial effects were dependent on the duration of treatment.
Preeclampsia (PE) is one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. One of the main hallmarks observed in PE is impaired inflammation state. In the current study, we found that miR-125b was deregulated in placental tissues and plasma derived from PE patients, which suggest a potential association between this miRNA and the pathogenesis of PE. Overexpression of miR-125b significantly reduced SGPL1 expression, and luciferase assays confirmed that SGPL1 is a direct target of miR-125b. We also found that miR-125b enhanced IL-8 production by directly targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1), and this effect could be reversed by SGPL1 overexpression. In placentas derived from PE patients, a negative correlation of miR-125b and SGPL1 was observed, and IL-8 was validated to be increased in the circulation of PE patients. Our data demonstrated a critical role of miR-125b in IL-8 production and the development of PE.
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