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In this exploratory, cross-sectional study, patients with Crohn's disease and a stoma had high rates of psychological comorbidity and low scores on quality of life. Adverse illness perception appeared to explain some of these findings, but most were not receiving psychological help. Psychological care is indicated for many of these patients and further research is indicated.

The ALAR model contributed towards a scholarship of practice where the students, clinical educator and residents of a dementia unit all experienced the value of research.

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In occupational therapy education in South Africa, community service (CS) focuses learning opportunities during fieldwork placements. CS therefore enabled the researcher to utilise successive small scale research projects to guide learning of students during fieldwork while simultaneously developing the occupational therapy service at a residential care facility. This community setting provided a powerful environment through which research, in combination with opportunities for reflection, contributed to nurturing skills needed by these future health professionals. A technical action research (AR) approach incorporated AR cycles and opportunities for structured reflection. Therefore situations were created for the students to embrace experiential learning. Experiential learning in the form of anticipatory reflection, reflection-in-action, reflection on reflection and retrospective reflection impacted on the quality of the students' work. Besides encouraging unique leaning opportunities for students when engaging in research during their fieldwork placement, engagement in AR cycles simultaneously improved service delivery to residents in the facility. Key benefits of this investigation were that fieldwork education utilising AR cycles within a CS situation promoted students to identify voids in their theoretical background as well as practice skills; to apply reflective practice that could contribute to their personal and professional development; and to utilize learning opportunities optimally. Despite positive gains showed by this study, the role of power relations between the researcher as fieldwork educator and the students prohibited the AR cycles from being more emancipatory in nature and should be addressed in follow-up studies.

In this chapter we address four issues concerning HE as a field of study and research. We start off by discussing the typical characteristics of a field of study as opposed to a discipline, then we trace a number of moments in the development of HE studies and research internationally and locally. Next we try to suggest a way to 'map' the field in South Africa against the background of international mappings and finally we suggest a number of issues to consider for possible future research to extend and promote HE as a field of study and research -particularly in South Africa. INTRODUCTIONIt is widely agreed that higher education (HE) in its variety of forms contributes to social and economic development through at least four major missions: PART SIX • RESEARCH FRONTIERS AND AGENDASYet, while HE considers itself to be a universal sector of society, its research, structures, curricula, governance and organisation vary greatly and seem deeply rooted in national, cultural and policy contexts (Schwarz and Teichler 2000). It therefore appears most fitting to study HE as a phenomenon or research object from a range of angles and perspectives. As HE has expanded enormously during the past decade or two, research interest in the field has grown significantly and it is well known that this research matters, as the character and performance of HE systems and institutions have considerable implications for all members of society, whether they engage directly with them or not .Earlier, a typical approach to study the field of HE was to explore programmes that emphasised the field as a focus or study object (Dressel and Mayhew 1974) and later encyclopedic versions (Knowles 1977; Clark and Neave 1992), in-depth articles of topical issues in 'handbook' format (Smart 1985;2008) HIGHER EDUCATION: DISCIPLINE OR FIELD OF STUDY?With developments and progress in higher education studies and research over the past two decades questions might arise as to whether HE as an object of study has not reached disciplinary status. This is a legitimate question as many prominent works and methodologies have pointed in that direction (see for instance Kogan, Bauer, CHAPTER 17 • HIGHER EDUCATION AS A FIELD OF STUDY AND RESEARCH 371However, Dressel and Mayhew (1974) have outlined at least six criteria for a field to be termed a discipline: Firstly, a general body of knowledge should exist that can be forced into a reasonably logical taxonomy so that scholars could tell, at least quantitatively, where the knowledge gaps exist. Secondly, it should possess both a specialised vocabulary and a generally accepted basic literature that outlines its parameters. Thirdly, some generally accepted body of theory and some generally understood techniques for theory testing and revision should exist. This criterion is supplemented by the essential of a generally accepted body of consistently applied techniques for analysis or a generally agreed set of methodologies. The fourth criterion is that a recognised sequence of experiences for the preparatio...

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