The "standing on the shoulders of giants" metaphor is often used to acknowledge the work of others when undertaking research and, in particular, stresses the importance of literature reviews in scientific inquiry. Though the significance of literature reviews has never been in doubt, researchers, especially novice researchers, still struggle with developing effective strategies for reviewing literature. An important reason for this difficulty is the rapidly increasing number of potentially relevant publications-not all of which necessarily add value to a literature review. As such, avoiding standing on the shoulders of dwarfs literature search emerges as a major issue in crafting an effective literature review. In this paper, we discuss challenges of literature searches in the increasingly dynamic context of information systems (IS) research and make recommendations for how to deal with them. We present practical guidelines and a checklist to help researchers with planning and organizing their literature searches.

In today's digital information age, companies are struggling with an immense overload of mainly unstructured data. Reducing search times, fulfilling compliance requirements and maintaining information quality represent only three of the challenges that organisations from all industry sectors are faced with. Enterprise content management (ECM) has emerged as a promising approach addressing these challenges. Yet, there are still numerous obstacles to the implementation of ECM technologies, particularly fostered by the fact that the key challenges of ECM adaptation processes are rather organisational than technological. In the present article we claim that the consideration of an organisation's business process structure is particularly crucial for ECM success. In response to this, we introduce a process-oriented conceptual framework that systematises the key steps of an ECM adoption. The paper suggests that ECM and business process management are two strongly related fields of research. This article is an extension and revision of ideas originally presented at the 16th european conference on information systems (ECIS 2008) in Galway, Ireland (vom Brocke et al. 2008).

Within a consideration of cost effectiveness the evaluation of design science research artifacts is of major importance. In the past, a plenitude of approaches has been developed for this purpose -partly artifact-specific, partly artifact-neutral. Nonetheless, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview over existing methods as well as a systemization of those with regard to fundamental structuring criteria. The paper at hand surveys existing methods and introduces a framework that equally supports the designer and the user of artifact evaluation approaches. Subsequent to the embedding of the framework into the design science research process two exemplary application scenarios are described.

In order to improve transparency and stabilise health care costs, several countries have decided to reform their healthcare system on the basis of diagnosisrelated groups (DRG). DRGs are not only used for classifying medical treatments, but also for case-based reimbursement, hence induce active competition among hospitals, forcing them to become more efficient and effective. In consequence, hospitals are investing considerably in process orientation and management.

As a primary factor of technological innovation, process orientation contributes significantly to an organization's overall productivity and quality improvement. While this proposition has been confirmed for profit-oriented organizations of various industries, little research exists that validates the same statement in the healthcare sector. This paper proposes and evaluates a theoretical model that investigates the effect of process orientation on hospitals' competitiveness and performance. The concept of the balanced scorecard is applied to comprehensively cover all facets that constitute healthcare quality innovation. A set of hypotheses is proposed conceptualizing the direct and indirect effects of process orientation on hospitals' performance (identified as patient satisfaction and financial performance) through an increase of integral competitiveness (identified as workforce conditions, operational performance and clinical quality). The model is empirically tested by means of a questionnaire-based survey among clinical and administrative management of hospitals in Switzerland. 145 complete questionnaires from 129 hospitals are analyzed. Statistical results affirm that process orientation significantly enhances hospital performance. Workforce conditions and clinical quality prove to have a significant positive effect on patient satisfaction, whereas the hypothesized positive effect of operational efficiency on patient satisfaction is not supported. Moreover, results attest the positive effect of workforce conditions and operational efficiency on financial performance, while rejecting the effect of clinical quality on financial performance.

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During the last decades information technology (IT) management has changed. Starting from being a costly and rare resource, IT has evolved into a vital enabler for almost any kind of business today. This development demands for highly flexible management concepts allowing the business to actively control and govern IT performance. A widely used approach for multi-dimensional performance measurement in the context of IT management is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The authors aim at investigating the state of the art of IT BSC use through a comprehensive literature analysis. They also evaluate the adaptability of the different types of this concept to the most recent developments in IT management.