IntroduçãoKorbinian Brodmann tornou-se um marco para a neurociên-cia moderna com a publicação da sua monografia em 1909. Iniciou-se de fato o caminho rumo à localização das funções corticais cerebrais. Com o avanço tecnológico, as técnicas de neuroimagem disponíveis atualmente aplicadas ao ser humano normal vêm revolucionando o conhecimento sobre o cérebro humano. A tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET), a ressonância nuclear magnética funcional (RNMf), a eletroencefalografia (EEG), a eletrocorticografia (ECoG), a magnetoencefalografia (MEG) e, mais recentemente, a espectroscopia óptica por infravermelho (NIRS) vêm abrindo campo para a descoberta de funções corticais cerebrais, possibilitando uma maior compreensão das doenças cerebrais, e aumentando, como nunca antes, o conhecimento Palavras-Chave AbstractIn 1909, Korbinian Brodmann describes 52 functional brain areas, 43 of them found in the human brain. More than a century later, his devoted functional map is incremented by Glasser MF et al in 2016, using functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques to propose the existence of 180 functional areas in each hemisphere, based on their cortical thickness, degree of myelination (cortical myelin content), neuronal interconnection, topographic organization, multitask answers and assessment in its resting state. It opens up a huge possibility, through functional neuroanatomy, to understand a little more about normal brain function and their functional impairment in the presence of a disease.
The authors describe the brain regions involved in the process of intelligence using as a basis, the models of the theory of frontoparietal integration (P-FIT Model). They also correlate the model described with functional areas of Brodmann, integrating them into the tertiary brain areas and address the subcortical structures involved in cognitive processes, including the memory. The studies performed by functional magnetic resonance, also unmask various regions related with intelligence, neither previously described by Brodmann nor even in conventional models of learning. The anterior insular cortex presents itself as the most recent tertiary area to be considered. Subcortical structures, when injured, mimick injuries to the cerebral cortex, demonstrating their great participation in cognition. The topographies of aphasia and the functioning mechanisms of the bearers of learning disorders, including dyslexic, dysgraphia and dyscalculic should be reconsidered. A better understanding of this topographic anatomy may clarify the mechanisms used in those individuals with cerebral lesions.
Resumo H? s?culos o cerebelo ? considerado uma estrutura do sistema nervoso central respons?vel exclusivamente pela coordena??o do movimento, fazendo diversas conex?es com as ?reas motoras e associativas do c?rtex cerebral. No entanto, nos ?ltimos anos, avan?os em neuroimagem funcional t?m atribu?do ao cerebelo fun??es cognitivo-afetivas, identificando-as anat?mica e funcionalmente. Nesta revis?o, os autores trazem as mais recentes informa??es sobre as fun??es cerebelares, considerando a s?ndrome cognitivo-afetiva correlacionada ao cerebelo e pondo fim a mais um dogma das neuroci?ncias.
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