The effects of group size, group status and trait valence (positive or negative stereotypes of in-and outgroup) on intergroup bias was studied in nation-wide probability samples of majority and minority groups in Finland and Sweden, (N ¼ 2479). Ethnolinguistic vitality was used as a proxy for status. It is argued that the specific history of real-life intergroup relations has to be duly acknowledged when predicting main and interactive effects on intergroup bias in natural contexts. Supporting the predictions made, numerical group size showed a stable main effect; members of numerical minorities showed more bias than members of numerical majorities, regardless of trait valence. While status had no main effect, there was a significant interaction between status and size as well as between status and trait valence: intergroup bias was highest in the high status minority, and low status groups showed less bias than high status groups on negatively valenced traits. In fact, minority members showed the reverse of PNAE. In addition, majority members favoured the outgroup on negatively valenced traits, but favoured their ingroup on positively valenced traits. Different explanations for these results are discussed.
We studied the continuity of intergroup bias across two generations among the Swedishspeaking Finns. Many moderators influence the intensity of intergroup bias, for example, group size, group status, valence condition (i.e., attribution of positive or negative stereotypes to in-and outgroup) and ingroup identification. In multilingual contexts, the ethnolinguistic vitality of a language group can be conceived as a proxy for its status. The socalled 'aggravating hypothesis' holds that inferior group size or group status constitute aggravating conditions which eliminate the so called PNAE ('positive-negative asymmetry effect'). We found, in accordance with this hypothesis, that neither generation of this minority group showed PNAE, i.e., both generations showed ingroup favouritism in the negative (attribution of negative stereotypes) as well as in the positive (attribution of positive stereotypes) stimulus conditions. In addition, intergroup bias was stronger among those with a strong ingroup identity, and weaker among those with a strong national identity, regardless of age, although the adolescents showed less intergroup bias than the adults in the negative stimulus condition. This difference occurred only after controlling for ingroup identity, as the adults identified with their ingroup significantly more than the adolescents. However, the adolescents favoured their ingroup more than the adults in the positive stimulus condition. Low local objective ethnolinguistic vitality (i.e. small proportion of Swedish-speakers in the community) seemed to imply an additional aggravating condition, as it predicted more intergroup bias in both generations and in both valence conditions. In accordance with expectations, however, a strong interpersonal network of language contacts, i.e., only Swedish spoken at home, was related to stronger intergroup bias in both generations and both valence conditions.
We studied the continuity of intergroup bias across two generations among the Swedishspeaking Finns. Many moderators influence the intensity of intergroup bias, for example, group size, group status, valence condition (i.e., attribution of positive or negative stereotypes to in-and outgroup) and ingroup identification. In multilingual contexts, the ethnolinguistic vitality of a language group can be conceived as a proxy for its status. The socalled 'aggravating hypothesis' holds that inferior group size or group status constitute aggravating conditions which eliminate the so called PNAE ('positive-negative asymmetry effect'). We found, in accordance with this hypothesis, that neither generation of this minority group showed PNAE, i.e., both generations showed ingroup favouritism in the negative (attribution of negative stereotypes) as well as in the positive (attribution of positive stereotypes) stimulus conditions. In addition, intergroup bias was stronger among those with a strong ingroup identity, and weaker among those with a strong national identity, regardless of age, although the adolescents showed less intergroup bias than the adults in the negative stimulus condition. This difference occurred only after controlling for ingroup identity, as the adults identified with their ingroup significantly more than the adolescents. However, the adolescents favoured their ingroup more than the adults in the positive stimulus condition. Low local objective ethnolinguistic vitality (i.e. small proportion of Swedish-speakers in the community) seemed to imply an additional aggravating condition, as it predicted more intergroup bias in both generations and in both valence conditions. In accordance with expectations, however, a strong interpersonal network of language contacts, i.e., only Swedish spoken at home, was related to stronger intergroup bias in both generations and both valence conditions.
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