No abstract

The multiple scale of stream networks spatial organization reflects the hierarchical arrangement of streams habitats with increasingly levels of complexity from sub-catchments until entire hydrographic basins. Through these multiple spatial scales, local stream habitats form nested subsets of increasingly landscape scale and habitat size with varying contributions of both alpha and beta diversity for the regional diversity. Here, we aimed to test the relative importance of multiple nested hierarchical levels of spatial scales while determining alpha and beta diversity of caddisflies in regions with different levels of landscape degradation in a core Cerrado area in Brazil. We used quantitative environmental variables to test the hypothesis that landscape homogenization affects the contribution of alpha and beta diversity of caddisflies to regional diversity. We found that the contribution of alpha and beta diversity for gamma diversity varied according to landscape degradation. Sub-catchments with more intense agriculture had lower diversity at multiple levels, markedly alpha and beta diversities. We have also found that environmental predictors mainly associated with water quality, channel size, and habitat integrity (lower scores indicate stream degradation) were related to community dissimilarity at the catchment scale. For an effective management of the headwater biodiversity of caddisfly, towards the conservation of these catchments, heterogeneous streams with more pristine riparian vegetation found within the river basin need to be preserved in protected areas. Additionally, in the most degraded areas the restoration of riparian vegetation and size increase of protected areas will be needed to accomplish such effort.

Análise das classificações supervisionada e não supervisionada com o uso de imagens Landsat5 TM e RapidEye, e suas contribuições para o mapeamento do uso e cobertura do solo no Parque Nacional das Emas RESUMO -Os mapeamentos de mudança da cobertura e uso do solo com o uso de sensoriamento remoto têm sido cada vez mais utilizados para os estudos ambientais. Ao longo das últimas décadas, o bioma Cerrado tem passado por diversas mudanças e transformações, e a agropecuária tem tido um papel fundamental para essa mudança. Este artigo apresenta um estudo caracterizado no Parque Nacional das Emas, localizado no extremo sudoeste do Estado de Goiás e o buffer de 10 km ao redor. O método utilizado foi de segmentação de imagens e classificação supervisionada e não supervisionada com o uso de satélite Landsat 5 TM, com média resolução espacial, bem como inspeção visual e validação dos dados, com o uso do satélite RapidEye, com alta resolução espacial, ambos para o ano de 2011. O trabalho mostrou resultados satisfatórios, porque foi possível escolher qual melhor classificação se aproximaria da validação dos dados naquela área de estudo. Os mapas também resultaram com boa acurácia para estudos posteriores. Palavras-chave: classificação supervisionada, validação, uso do solo.ABSTRACT -Change mappings of land cover and use with the use of remote sensing has been increasingly used for environmental studies. Over the past decades, Cerrado has undergone several changes and transformations, and agriculture has played a key role in this change. This article presents a study featured in the Emas National Park, located in the extreme southwest of the state of Goias and the buffer of 10 km around. Method used was segmentation of images and supervised and unsupervised classifications with the use of satellite Landsat 5 TM, with an medium spatial resolution, as well as visual inspection and validation of the data, using the RapidEye satellite, with high spatial resolution, both for the year 2011. Study showed satisfactory results, because it was possible to choose which best rating would approach the validation of data in that study area. The maps also resulted with good accuracy for further studies.

Abstract:Conceptions of Science influence educational practices and interpretations about the construction of scientific knowledge. Therefore, this study aimed to use scientific practice to test the efficiency of non-formal educational environments in training candidates for teacher certification in Biological Sciences. Training of candidates was performed in four meetings held on the State University of Goiás in Anápolis, which features an interpretative trail for environmental education. To test the hypothesis that the training was effective, a paired t-test was performed on the grades obtained in the questionnaires before and at the end of the activities (pretest and post-test). The test showed that the course was effective and led to an increase in students' knowledge of the content covered (t test: t = 2.95, df = 16, p = 0.01), showing that on average, the scores of students increased in the post-test. This denotes a cognitive gain at the end of the course.Keywords: Science education. Interpretative trails. Pre-and post-tests. FORMACIÓN INICIAL DE PROFESORES EN ACTIVIDAD DE EDUCACIÓN CIENTÍFICA: EXPLOTANDO AMBIENTES NO FORMALES DE EDUCACIÓNResumen: Concepciones sobre Ciencia influyen las prácticas educacionales y las interpretaciones sobre la construcción del conocimiento científico. De este modo, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo utilizar la práctica científica para testar la eficiencia de ambientes no formales de educación en la formación de académicos de licenciatura en Ciencias Biológicas. Para esto, se realizó una capacitación de académicos en cuatro encuentros realizados en el campus de la Universidade Estadual de Goiás, en Anápolis, que tiene un sendero interpretativo de educación ambiental. Para testar la hipótesis de que la capacitación fue eficiente, se realizó un test pareado entre las notas obtenidas en los cuestionarios aplicados antes y al final de las actividades (pre y pos-test). El test mostró que el curso fue eficiente y permitió el aumento en el conocimiento de los alumnos sobre los contenidos abordados (Test t: t= 2,95; g.l.= 16; p= 0,01), mostrando que, en promedio, las calificaciones de los alumnos aumentaron en el pos-test. Esto denota una ganancia cognitiva al final del curso.Palabras clave: Enseñanza de ciencias. Senderos interpretativos. Pre y pos-tests.