Fungi are important in several aspects of human life. In particular, to agriculture, pathogenic fungi are of great importance, as they are responsible for production losses of the most diverse types. Because of this, knowledge about pathogenic fungus is of extreme importance for farmers and professionals working in agricultural areas. Among farmers who use specific agroecological practices, this knowledge is even more valuable, since by not adopting conventional methods of production, they resort to non-invasive alternatives that are less or not harmful at all to the environment in consideration of production management methods. This study aimed to assess farmer perception in the Cerrado biome in the city of Goiás (GO), Brazil, in order to understand their ethnomycological perceptions to verify historical management practices, their knowledge about phytopathogenic fungi, and how these producers perceive fungi. We used the theoretical reference method “From peasant to peasant” formulated by ANPA - National Association of Small Farmers. Some aspects of farmers’ ethnomycological knowledge are discussed. These ease identification the representatives of the Fungi Kingdom is associated with organisms that present easily recognizable characteristics, such as wood-ears or disease-causing fungi. In general, farmers are able to identify representatives of the Fungi Kingdom that are found in their daily lives. The perception of farmers about fungi, a group still much unknown by society, is very relevant for future actions of ethnomycology.

RESUMOA organização mundial de saúde divide o câncer de pulmão em dois subtipos histológicos principais: câncer de pulmão de pequenas células (CPPC) e câncer de pulmão de não pequenas células (CPNPC), este tipo de tumor se desenvolve com grande frenquência e apresenta um dos maiores índices de mortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, entre os principais fatores que levam a formação deste tipo de tumor está o tabagismo, porém tem se observado nos últimos anos o crescimento deste tipo de câncer em pessoas que não são fumantes. O diagnóstico é realizado através de exames por imagem, com confirmação por exame citológico ou histopatológico e avaliação da disseminação do tumor (estadiamento). Os principais tratamentos realizados em pacientes com diagnóstico de CPNPC são: intervenção cirúrgica, radioterapia, quimioterapia e, recentemente, tratamento direto nos alvos moleculares. A definição do melhor tipo de tratamento ocorrerá de acordo com estadiamento e condições gerais do paciente. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: cancro do pulmão, carcinoma broncogênico, neoplasias pulmonares. NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER ABSTRACTThe world health organization (WHO) classifies the lung cancer into two major histological subtypes: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This type of tumor is recognized for his fast development and for presenting one of the higher mortality rates in Brazil and in the world. Major known factors that causes the formation of this type of tumor is smoking, however, in recent years has been observed the growth of this type of cancer in non smokers people. For this cancer, the diagnosis are done by imaging tests and confirmed by cytological or histopathological examination and the evaluation of tumor spread (staging).Common treatments used in patients diagnosed with NSCLC are surgical intervention, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and recently the direct treatment in molecular targets. The best treatmente definition will occur according to staging and general conditions of the patient.

Species Cichla piquiti and Cichla kelberi are found in the Serra da Mesa reservoir, Goiás and are sedentary with diurnal habits. This study aimed to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of genetic variability in subpopulations of C. piquiti with specific microsatellite loci and to test transferability in other microsatellite markers for C. kelberi. We analyzed 99 individuals of C. piquiti from seven points to evaluate genetic diversity and structure with 10 microsatellite loci. Transferability of 75 loci was tested in C. kelberi to increase microsatellite markers available. Genetic structure was assessed with Bayesian clustering. Global FST for C. piquiti was weak (0.056), but FIS (0.598) and FIT (0.621) were significantly high, indicating that the mating system has a strong influence on the organization of genetic variability with most mating among related. Two genetic groups were evidenced with most individuals allocated to a single group. Transferability of microsatellite loci for C. kelberi had low polymorphism. The level of genetic diversity was low, increasing inbreeding and suggesting that few individuals of C. piquiti colonized the reservoir during its installation due founder effect. Other factors as reproductive behavior and overfishing can act to decrease genetic diversity. Therefore, we reinforce the need for genetic monitoring to avoid loss of genetic diversity that can be intensified both construction of hydropower plants and ecological and reproductive aspects in some fish species.

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Different biological groups can be used for monitoring aquatic ecosystems because they can respond to variations in the environment. However, the evaluation of different bioindicators may demand multiple financial resources and time, especially when abundance quantification and species-level identification are required. In this study, we evaluated whether taxonomic, numerical resolution and cross-taxa can be used to optimize costs and time for stream biomonitoring in Central Brazil (Cerrado biome). For this, we sampled different biological groups (fish, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and periphyton) in stream stretches distributed in a gradient of land conversion dominated by agriculture and livestock. We used the Mantel and Procrustes analyses to test the association among different taxonomic levels (species to class), the association between incidence and abundance data (numerical resolution), and biological groups. We also assessed the relative effect of local environmental and spatial predictors on different groups. The taxonomic levels and numerical resolutions were strongly correlated in all taxonomic groups (r > 0.70). We found no correlations among biological groups. Different sets of environmental variables were the most important to explain the variability in species composition of distinct biological groups. Thus, we conclude that monitoring the streams in this region using bioindicators is more informative through higher taxonomic levels with occurrence data than abundance. However, different biological groups provide complementary information, reinforcing the need for a multi-taxa approach in biomonitoring.