Objectives
This study analyzed the content of substances with cosmetologic properties in the extracts obtained from the mycelial cultures of Ganoderma applanatum, Laetiporus sulphureus, and Trametes versicolor. The effect of these extracts on the inhibition of tyrosinase and hyaluronidase was determined, and their values of sun protection factor (SPF) were calculated.
Results
The total amount of phenolic acids in the extracts ranged from 2.69 (G. applanatum) to 10.30 mg/100 g dry weight (T. versicolor). The total amount of sterols was estimated at 48.40 (T. versicolor) to 201.04 mg/100 g dry weight (L. sulphureus), and that of indoles at 2.90 (G. applanatum) to 16.74 mg/100 dry weight (L. sulphureus). Kojic acid was determined in the extracts of L. sulphureus and G. applanatum. It was observed that L. sulphureus extract caused dose-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase, while all the extracts inhibited tyrosinase. The extract of G. applanatum exhibited an SPF value of ~ 9.
Conclusions
The results showed that the mycelial cultures of the studied species may be used as an alternative source of substances used in cosmetology.
The study has proved the stimulating effects of different strategies of treatments with elicitors on the production of glucosinolates (GSLs), flavonoids, polyphenols, saccharides, and photosynthetic pigments in watercress (Nasturtium officinale) microshoot cultures. The study also assessed antioxidant and anti-melanin activities. The following elicitors were tested: ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), sodium salicylate (NaSA), and yeast extract (YeE) and were added on day 10 of the growth period. Cultures not treated with the elicitor were used as control. The total GSL content estimations and UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analyses showed that elicitation influenced the qualitative and quantitative profiles of GSLs. MeJA stimulated the production of gluconasturtiin (68.34 mg/100 g dried weight (DW)) and glucobrassicin (65.95 mg/100 g DW). The elicitation also increased flavonoid accumulation (max. 1131.33 mg/100 g DW, for 100 μM NaSA, collection after 24 h). The elicitors did not boost the total polyphenol content. NaSA at 100 μM increased the production of total chlorophyll a and b (5.7 times after 24 h of treatment), and 50 μM NaSA caused a 6.5 times higher production of carotenoids after 8 days of treatment. The antioxidant potential (assessed with the CUPRAC FRAP and DPPH assays) increased most after 24 h of treatment with 100 μM MeJA. The assessment of anti-melanin activities showed that the microshoot extracts were able to cause inhibition of tyrosinase (max. 27.84% for 1250 µg/mL).
Key points
• Elicitation stimulated of the metabolite production in N. officinale microshoots.
• High production of pro-health glucosinolates and polyphenols was obtained.
• N. officinale microshoots have got tyrosinase inhibition potential.
• The antioxidant potential of N. officinale microshoots was evaluated.
Graphical abstract
Applicability of derivative spectrophotometry for the determination of valsartan in the presence of a substance from the group of statins was checked. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method may be effective by using appropriate derivatives: for valsartan and fluvastatin -D1, D2 and D3, for valsartan and pravastatin -D1 and D3, for valsartan and atorvastatin -D2 and D3. The method was characterized by high sensitivity and accuracy. Linearity was maintained in the following ranges: 9.28-32.48 mg mL -1 for valsartan, 8.16-28.56 mg mL -1 for fluvastatin, 14.40-39.90 mg mL -1 for atorvastatin and 9.60-48.00 mg mL -1 for pravastatin. Determination coefficients were in the range of 0.989-0.999 depending on the analyte and the order of derivative. The precision of the method was high with RSD from 0.1 to 2.5 % and recovery of individual components was within the range of 100 ± 5 %. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of valsartan combined with fluvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin in laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical preparations.
Abiotic elicitation, a well-known strategy in mushroom biotechnology, promotes increased accumulation of secondary metabolites in mycelial cultures. The study aimed the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on the production of triterpenes in submerged cultures of Ganoderma applanatum. Further, the study evaluated the cytotoxic activity of the extract corresponding to the optimal elicitation variant in selected human cancer cell lines as well as the selectivity against normal cells. MeJA was added on days 1, 4, 6, and 8 in the 10-day growth cycle at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 150, and 200 µM MeJA. The HPLC-DAD was used to analyze the triterpenes. The cytotoxic activity was tested using the MTTFc assay in grouped panels of skin, prostate, and gastrointestinal cancer cells. The results of the quantitative analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of MeJA on the production of ganoderic acid A and ganoderic acid C. The greatest increase in total triterpenes was found on day 6 of the culture cycle compared to the control group—with the concentration of MeJA—150 µM. Compared to the control samples, mycelial culture extract after the most productive elicitation variant showed significant cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cells and moderate effects on melanoma cells. Ganoderma applanatum mycelial cultures can be proposed as a model to study the dynamics of the accumulation of compounds with therapeutic values through abiotic elicitation.
We review analytical methods used to determine new substances with hypotensive activity from two pharmacological groups: renin inhibitors and endothelin receptor antagonists.
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