Background: Awareness towards improper disposal of medicines and its hazardous impact on environment is one of the major issues which we are neglecting but needs to be focused. In general, expired medicines/waste medicines/ left out medicines are disposed in the garbage or, rinse in sink or flushed down toilet, which ends up in the water system and have a potential effect on ecosystem. With this background, the present study was conducted to assess the practice towards disposal of medicines (Unused/Expired Drugs) among the patients visiting tertiary care teaching hospital in Haryana.Methods: This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted through face-to-face interviews by using a validated structured Questionnaire in patients attending the OPD of PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana. A total of 150 patients participated in this study.Results: Among the 150 Patients participated in the study, 94 were male and 56 were female. Most common class of medicines used were NSAIDS (34%). About the practice of disposal of medicines 62% of them threw into the dustbin (household garbage) 18% into the toilet/sink. About consequences of improper disposal (55%) of them answered that they were not aware. The most common reason for left out medicines in home was incompletion of the course due to getting relieved from disease (50%). Most common way of procuring medicine was purchased on prescription and surprisingly only 30% participants checked the expiry date of medicine before procuring. Among the participants 75% said that government should be responsible to create awareness for proper disposal of unused medicines.Conclusions: The present study brought out the current status and lacuna towards the disposal of medicines. Patients do not use all the medications and there is lack of knowledge about awareness of disposal of medicines and its consequences.
Background: Endometrial hyperplasia is characterised by increased gland to stroma ratio with varying degree of atypia. Cyclin D1 is a protein playing important role during the G1→S phase transition in the cell cycle. The present study evaluated the expression of Cyclin D1 in normal and hyperplastic endometrium.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year. We evaluated and compared the expression of Cyclin D1 in 56 endometrial samples including 24 cases of simple hyperplasia, 12 cases of complex hyperplasia and 10 cases each of secretory and proliferative endometrium.Results: A substantial increase in expression of Cyclin D1 was seen in hyperplastic endometrium compared to normal endometrium. Moreover, complex hyperplasia showed the maximum positivity for Cyclin D1.Conclusions: Cyclin D1 may play a stimulatory role in the proliferation of endometrial glands and hence may be involved in endometrial tumorigenesis.
Introduction: Sepsis in elderly patients is a critical clinical issue due to high rates of morbidity and mortality. The modern age cell counters precisely measure volume, size and internal structure of the cell thereby assessing increase in volume and cytoplasmic granularity of leukocytes as seen in cases of sepsis. The present study was done to evaluate the use of Volume Conductivity Scatter (VCS) parameters as early indicators of sepsis in elderly patients and to overcome the shortcomings of blood culture by using a more precise VCS technology to assess morphologic changes in cell populations in sepsis. Material and Method: The study included 51 patients above the age of 50 years which were divided into 2 groups Group 1, patients with localised infection (n= 39) and Group 2 with systemic infection (n=12). Group 3 included 30 controls without any signs of infection and with total leucocyte count and differential counts within normal limits. Coulter LH 750 cellular analysis system was used. Result: Significant increase in both mean neutrophil volume (MNV) and mean monocyte volume (MMV) was reported among the patients with sepsis as compared to localized infections or control. With a cut off of 145 and 170 for MNV and MMV respectively, a sensitivity of 96% and 91.4% was obtained in predicting sepsis. Conclusion: Both MNV and MMV have the potential to be used as early indicators of acute bacterial infections.
Pain and fear of pain continue to be the commonest and strongest motivation for the people to seek facial pain treatment. Pain is a personal experience of the sufferer that cannot be shared and wholly belongs to the sufferer. Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a notable facial pain disorder resulting in periodic severe pain that produces one of the most severe kinds of pain known to mankind. Treatment of this debilitating condition may be varied, ranging from medical to surgical interventions. However antiepileptic drugs are commonly used for its treatment. This article brings out the recent approaches in diagnosis and treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.
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