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MTHFR polymorphisms C677T and A1298C are associated with reduced MTHFR enzyme activity and hyperhomocysteinemia, which has been associated with osteoporosis. The A163G polymorphism in osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been studied in osteoporosis with controversial results. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association(s) among MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, and OPG A163G polymorphisms in Mexican patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. The femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral densities (BMDs) were measured in 71 RA patients, and genotyping for the three polymorphisms was performed via restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Patients with osteoporosis/osteopenia exhibited statistically significant differences in the genotype frequencies of MTHFR C677T as well as an association with femoral neck BMD; TT homozygotes had lower BMDs than patients with the CT genotype, and both of these groups had lower BMDs than patients with the CC genotype. The associations of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism with osteoporosis/osteopenia and femoral neck BMD suggest that these polymorphisms confer a risk of developing osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a risk that may be reduced with folate and B complex supplementation.

Many virulence genes have been detected in attenuated mutants of Brucella melitensis 16 M; nevertheless, a complete report of these genes, including the main Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG) represented as well as the taxonomical distribution among all complete bacterial and archaeal genomes, has not been analyzed. In this work a total of 160 virulence genes that have been reported in attenuated mutants in B. melitensis were included and analyzed. Additionally, we obtained 250 B. melitensis randomly selected genes as a reference group for the taxonomical comparisons. The COGs and the taxonomical distribution profile for 789 nonredundant bacterial and archaeal genomes were obtained and compared with the whole-genome COG distribution and with the 250 randomly selected genes, respectively. The main COGs associated with virulence genes corresponded to the following: intracellular trafficking, secretion and vesicular transport (U); cell motility (N); nucleotide transport and metabolism (F); transcription (K); and cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis (M). In addition, we found that virulence genes presented a higher proportion of orthologs in the Euryarchaeota and Proteobacteria phyla, with a significant decrease in Chlamydiae, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Firmicutes and Thermotogae. In conclusion, we found that genes related to specific functions are more relevant to B. melitensis virulence, with the COG U the most significant. Additionally, the taxonomical distribution of virulence genes highlights the importance of these genes in the related Proteobacteria, being less relevant in distant groups of organisms with the exception of Euryarchaeota.

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CD28 expression and serum levels are significantly increased in patients with SLE than in healthy controls (HC). Until now, there are no studies of proximal promoter polymorphisms of CD28 gene in SLE. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the polymorphisms present in the proximal promoter of CD28 in a group of SLE and HC and to associate the polymorphisms present with the CD28 serum levels of 40 patients and 40 controls. One hundred and seven patients as well as 108 controls matched by age range and genders were included. The 11 ACR criteria were analyzed on the clinical files, and the proximal promoter region of CD28 gene was analyzed by direct sequencing of a 489-basepair fragment. C28 serum levels (sCD28) were measured by ELISA technique in 40 patients and 40 controls. Only two of the eight reported polymorphisms were found, and they correspond to rs35593994 (-372 A/G) and rs56156157 (-145 -/C). The first had a prevalence of 41 and 36% in patients and controls respectively and the second of 1.4% in both groups. None of these polymorphisms were associated with SLE, and the polymorphism -372 A/G was not associated with the clinical features of disease. Likewise, the association with the sCD28 and the genotypes of -372 A/G polymorphism was not significant. The polymorphisms of the proximal promoter of CD28 are not associated with SLE, and the polymorphism -372 A/G is not associated with the diagnostic criteria of SLE or the sCD28.