Keberhasilan peningkatan produktivitas tanaman pangan yang diikuti dengan kelestarian lingkungan hidup merupakan prinsip penerapan sistem pertanian ramah lingkungan berkelanjutan. Berbagai sistem pertanian ramah lingkungan telah dikembangkan dengan berpedoman pada budidaya pertanian yang baik melalui sinergis antar komponen teknologi, antara lain pengelolaan tanaman terpadu, jajar legowo super, sistem integrasi tanaman-ternak bebas limbah, dan pengendalian organisme pengganggu tanaman secara terpadu. Melalui sinergi komponen teknologi secara terpadu, penerapan sistem pertanian ramah lingkungan memantapkan capaian produktivitas tanaman pangan, kualitas tanah terpelihara, dan emisi gas rumah kaca dapat tereduksi. Beberapa komponen teknologi yang mampu memberikan hasil tanaman tinggi, emisi gas rumah kaca rendah, dan rendah kontaminan antara lain pengairan berselang, penggunaan bahan organik matang (nisbah C/N rendah) dengan bantuan biodekomposer, pemupukan berimbang, pengendalian hama secara terpadu dengan mengandalkan pestisida nabati, jarak tanam legowo, dan varietas padi unggul rendah emisi. Melalui pengelolaan tanaman terpadu, hasil padi sawah dapat meningkat hingga 47%, pendapatan petani meningkat 29-76%, dan emisi GRK turun sekitar 18-26%.
<p><strong>Abstrak</strong>. Hama tanaman mengancam stabilitas produksi pertanian akibat kehilangan hasil dan penurunan produktivitas tanaman. Penurunannya berkisar antara 20-95%, bahkan bisa menyebabkan gagal panen atau puso pada serangan yang masif. Keberadaan hama dan penyakit dalam budidaya tanaman harus disikapi dengan bijaksana. Organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) dikendalikan secara terpadu mengikuti konsep pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT). Penggunaan pestisida kimiawi merupakan pilihan terakhir dengan memperhatikan kondisi ambang ekonomi di lapangan. Tulisan ini bertujuan menginformasikan penggunaan bahan tumbuhan sebagai pestisida nabati dalam pengendalian hama pada budidaya tanaman pertanian, khususnya tanaman pangan. Indonesia memiliki berbagai tumbuhan sebagai sumberdaya hayati bahan pengendali hama, baik berupa biji, daun, akar, dan batang. Bahan baku pestisida nabati yang tersedia melimpah di agroekologi lahan sawah tadah hujan adalah daun/biji mimba, biji mahoni, gulma babandotan (<em>Ageratum zonycoides</em>). Bahan-bahan tersebut dapat diekstrak dan dicampur, serta ditambahkan asap cair (produk samping proses pirolisis arang hayati dari limbah pertanian) dan urin sapi. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan Balingtan memperlihatkan bahwa pemberian insektisida nabati meningkatkan hasil gabah kering panen lebih tinggi berturut-turut sebesar 10,8%; 24,8%; dan 48,7% untuk varietas Mekongga, Situ Bagendit, dan Ciherang, dibandingkan tanpa insektisida nabati. Penambahan urin sapi selain sebagai bahan pengendali hama juga berperan dalam memperbaiki ketersediaan hara terutama nitrogen.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abtract</strong>. <em>Plant pest threatens the stability of agricultural production due to the yield loss and the decreasing crops productivity. The loss could reach 20-95% or even totally loss when it is massivaly attacked. The existence of pest dan desease on plant cultivation has to be addressed wisely. Plant-disturbing organism is controlled in an integrated way by following the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The use of chemical pesticide is the last option with consideration of the economic threshold condition at the field. The objective of this paper is to inform the use of plant as the bassic matterial of botanical insecticide in controling agricultural-plant cultivation, especially for food crop. Indonesia has various resources of plants as biologically pests controller, in the form of seeds, leaves, roots and stems. Raw materials of the botanical insecticide are abundantly available in rainfed rice agroecology, i.e.neem leaves / seeds, mahogany seeds, and ageratum (Ageratum zonycoides) Those materials are extracted and mixed, then is added with the liquid smoke (side product of pyrolysis process of biocharcoal from agricultural waste) and cow urine. The research that was conducted by Indonesian of Agricultural Environment Research Institute shows that the application of botanical insecticide produced higher dried harvesting grain consecutively by 10.8%; 24.8%; and 48.% for Mekongga, Situ Bagendid, and Ciherang variety, compare to those without botanical insecticide. The addition of cow urine also improves the nutrient availability, especially for the nitrogen content</em><span>.</span></p>
<p>Metana (CH4) merupakan salah satu gas rumah kaca dengan indeks<br />potensi pemanasan global 21 kali molekul karbon dioksida (CO2).<br />Salah satu sumber emisi metana di sektor pertanian adalah lahan<br />sawah. Lahan sawah Indonesia yang luasnya sekitar 8,08 juta ha<br />diduga memberi kontribusi sekitar 1% dari total global metana.<br />Emisi metana dari lahan sawah ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor,<br />antara lain tipe tanah, pengelolaan air irigasi, suhu tanah, varietas<br />tanaman, pemupukan, dan musim tanam. Strategi penurunan emisi<br />metana dari lahan sawah dilakukan melalui pengelolaan lahan<br />dengan mengintegrasikan beberapa komponen teknologi, meliputi<br />penggunaan varietas unggul rendah emisi, pemberian pupuk organik<br />matang (pupuk kandang dan kompos), pemupukan nitrogen yang<br />mengandung sulfur (ZA) atau pupuk lambat urai, sistem irigasi<br />berselang/terputus, dan sistem tanpa olah tanah atau olah tanah<br />konservasi. Varietas padi dengan emisi metana rendah adalah<br />Ciherang, Cisantana, Tukad Balian, Memberamo, Inpari 1,<br />Dodokan, Way Apoburu, dan IR64, sedangkan varietas dengan emisi<br />metana tinggi antara lain Cisadane, IR72, dan Ciliwung. Cara<br />mitigasi yang dipilih hendaknya tidak mengorbankan aspek<br />produksi beras dan diupayakan bersifat spesifik lokasi. Selain itu,<br />prioritas upaya mitigasi perlu diarahkan pada ekosistem sawah yang<br />memiliki potensi emisi metana tinggi, yaitu lahan sawah beririgasi.<br />Strategi penurunan emisi metana dari lahan sawah dilakukan dengan<br />mengombinasikan komponen teknologi rendah emisi dalam budi<br />daya tanaman padi tanpa menurunkan hasil gabah.</p>
Rainfed paddy fields have a great potential to be developed in Indonesia, especially in Central Java. However, water irrigation management, drought stress, pest and disease infestation and low nutrients that affect paddy yield remain the constraints. Unpredictable climate pattern is also a limiting factor in the cultivation of rainfed paddy fields. This narrative review aims to identify and discuss solutions to problems that exist to increase the yield of rainfed paddy fields with several techniques that support sustainable agriculture. This review paper was prepared by collecting government data and interviews with several farmer group leaders as complementary data. Based on field conditions, farmers in rainfed paddy fields provide fertilization inputs that are not following the fertilizer recommendations. Moreover, field conditions with limited water availability have caused paddy cultivating in several locations only once a year with low yields. Water storage can help farmers meet the need for water, especially during dry and water-stress conditions. The farmers also need to pay attention to the appropriate fertilization doses and the use of additional organic matter derived from cultivation residues, which are expected to increase the availability of nutrients in the soil. The use of short-life and drought-resistant varieties can aid in overcoming the problem of crop failure in the middle phase caused by water scarcity. Finally, we identify and emphasize that rainfed paddy fields generally have a limiting factor for water and nutrients and several technologies are needed to contribute to increasing more sustainable paddy yields.
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