Oral biofilm-related diseases such as periodontal and peri-implant diseases are unique infections in that they develop from the resident indigenous microflora. As more implants are nowadays being placed, clinicians may encounter more complications. Therefore, understanding the etiology is warranted to establish adequate diagnosis and provide proper treatment. This article focuses on understanding peri-implant microbiology and its roles in peri-implant diseases.
There is much evidence in the literature to support the success and predictability of guided bone regeneration. Multiple techniques have been introduced using various types of membranes and bone grafting materials. The clinician is now faced with having to select the most predictable guided bone regeneration technique put forth within this extensive literature. Within this context and in addition to its demonstrated success, the "sandwich" bone augmentation technique creates an environment that mimics native bone and promotes regeneration. Its concept is based on a sound biologic rationale while providing flexibility in the selection of biomaterials. This article discusses the principles, the complications, and a step-by-step protocol of sandwich bone augmentation.
PurposeTo address the volatile nature of the retail industry, retailers have adopted clothing subscription services (CSS) to meet the demanding needs of consumers. This study provides insight into different types of CSS, as well as a process by which behavioural intentions are influenced by CSS type through cognitive dissonance (wisdom of purchase and emotional dissonance) and attitude towards the CSS.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design manipulating the CSS type (full/partial/none) was conducted among 358 US consumers to test the proposed hypotheses.FindingsHayes PROCESS macro model results demonstrated that consumers did not experience more cognitive dissonance towards a partially, fully curated or non-curated CSS. However, a significant interaction effect further uncovered that consumers with high aesthetic perception experience more negative wisdom of purchase towards a fully compared to a partially curated CSS, thereby impacting attitude and behavioural intention towards CSS.Practical implicationsDue to today's rapidly evolving retail industry, retailers endeavouring to engage in this business model should come up with strategies to turn a visitor into a subscriber and decrease hesitation in novice consumers. Moreover, retailers should ascertain consumers’ level of aesthetic perception as it plays an important role in CSS adoption.Originality/valueWe introduced a unique operationalization of CSS types by differentiating between fully, partially and non-curated subscriptions, which are commonly employed in the subscription-box marketplace. The previous literature rarely makes distinctions between these types, although our findings show that consumers perceive them differently.
The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between bacteria in the family Rhizobiaceae and members of the legume family (Fabaceae) has been well studied, particularly from the perspective of the early signaling and recognition events. Recent studies of non-nodulating legume mutants have resulted in the identification of a number of genes that are responsive to signal molecules from the bacteria. However, a second group of nodule-forming bacteria, completely unrelated to the Rhizobiaceae, which are alpha-Proteobacteria, has been discovered. These bacteria belong to the beta-Proteobacteria and have been designated beta-rhizobia to distinguish them from the better-known alpha-rhizobia. Here, we review what is known in this economically important symbiosis about the interaction between legumes and alpha-rhizobia, and we incorporate information, where known, about the beta-rhizobia.
We previously showed that applying 10(-6) M of the cytokinin 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) to uninoculated roots of Masym3, a Nod(-)Myc(-)Melilotus alba (Desr.) mutant, resulted in the accumulation of MaENOD40 transcripts to levels similar to BAP-treated wild-type roots. In contrast, inoculation with a Nod(-)S. meliloti mutant expressing the trans-zeatin synthase gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Nod(-)/pTZS(+)) did not induce MaENOD40 transcript accumulation in either wild-type or Masym3 roots. However, Masym3 root hairs became swollen at their tips following inoculation with wild-type or Nod(-)/pTZS(+) rhizobia. Because root hair distention and elongation are often correlated with increased expansin activity, we investigated whether BAP treatment or inoculation with Nod(-)/pTZS(+)S. meliloti upregulated the expression of expansin mRNAs. We first determined that treating wild-type roots with 10(-5) or 10(-6) M BAP resulted in greater MaEXPA1 transcript accumulation than treating roots with comparable concentrations of the auxin NAA. When Masym3 roots were treated with 10(-6) M BAP, MaEXPA mRNAs accumulated to levels comparable to wild-type roots. We then showed that MaEXPA1 mRNAs accumulated in wild-type M. alba roots in response to the Nod(-)/pTZS(+)S. meliloti strain. Masym3 mutant roots inoculated with Nod(-)/pTZS(+) rhizobia were also upregulated for MaEXPA1 expression.
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