Cytokinin induces expansin gene expression inMelilotus albaDesr. wild-type and the non-nodulating, non-mycorrhizal (Nod-Myc-) mutant Masym3

Lee, Angie; Giordano, Walter; Hirsch, Ann M.

doi:10.4161/psb.3.4.5317

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…In the nodules of P. vulgaris and M. truncatula , the presence of proline- and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins has been demonstrated [ 214 , 227 ]. In addition, rhizobial infection has been shown to modulate the gene expression for extensins and expansins, both structural proteins of the cell wall [ 228 , 229 , 230 ]. In M. truncatula , in response to infection, genes of early nodulins, such as Early nodulin 5 (ENOD5) , Early nodulin 12 (ENOD12) , Early nodulin 16/20 (ENOD16/20) , which are proline- and hydroxyproline-rich proteins, begin to be expressed in cells with actively growing infection threads [ 231 ].…”

Section: Propagation Of the Infection Threadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads

Tsyganova

Brewin

Tsyganov

2021

Cells

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The intracellular infection thread initiated in a root hair cell is a unique structure associated with Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. It is characterized by inverted tip growth of the plant cell wall, resulting in a tunnel that allows invasion of host cells by bacteria during the formation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodule. Regulation of the plant-microbial interface is essential for infection thread growth. This involves targeted deposition of the cell wall and extracellular matrix and tight control of cell wall remodeling. This review describes the potential role of different actors such as transcription factors, receptors, and enzymes in the rearrangement of the plant-microbial interface and control of polar infection thread growth. It also focuses on the composition of the main polymers of the infection thread wall and matrix and the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the development of the infection thread. Mutant analysis has helped to gain insight into the development of host defense reactions. The available data raise many new questions about the structure, function, and development of infection threads.

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Section: Propagation Of the Infection Threadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads

Tsyganova

Brewin

Tsyganov

2021

Cells

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“…PA has been proposed to be involved in intracellular abscisic acid (ABA), wound, and pathogen-related signaling/response (Katagiri et al, 2005; Testerink and Munnik, 2005; Lee and Lee, 2008). So far, there is no evidence about their long-distance transport and action, which could potentially be via the phloem as representatives of all three lipid groups (PIPs, PA, LPA) were identified in our preliminary characterization of phloem lipids.…”

Section: Lipids In the Phloemmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Aspects of Phloem-Mediated Long-Distance Lipid Signaling in Plants

Benning¹,

Tamot²,

Guelette³

et al. 2012

Front. Plant Sci.

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Plants are sessile and cannot move to appropriate hiding places or feeding grounds to escape adverse conditions. As a consequence, they evolved mechanisms to detect changes in their environment, communicate these to different organs, and adjust development accordingly. These adaptations include two long-distance transport systems which are essential in plants: the xylem and the phloem. The phloem serves as a major trafficking pathway for assimilates, viruses, RNA, plant hormones, metabolites, and proteins with functions ranging from synthesis to metabolism to signaling. The study of signaling compounds within the phloem is essential for our understanding of plant communication of environmental cues. Determining the nature of signals and the mechanisms by which they are communicated through the phloem will lead to a more complete understanding of plant development and plant responses to stress. In our analysis of Arabidopsis phloem exudates, we had identified several lipid-binding proteins as well as fatty acids and lipids. The latter are not typically expected in the aqueous environment of sieve elements. Hence, lipid transport in the phloem has been given little attention until now. Long-distance transport of hydrophobic compounds in an aqueous system is not without precedence in biological systems: a variety of lipids is found in human blood and is often bound to proteins. Some lipid–protein complexes are transported to other tissues for storage, use, modification, or degradation; others serve as messengers and modulate transcription factor activity. By simple analogy it raises the possibility that lipids and the respective lipid-binding proteins in the phloem serve similar functions in plants and play an important role in stress and developmental signaling. Here, we introduce the lipid-binding proteins and the lipids we found in the phloem and discuss the possibility that they may play an important role in developmental and stress signaling.

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“…After leaf development enters the cell expansion period, an excess of cytokinins stimulates cell expansion, resulting in plants with larger leaves that consist of larger cells, which leads to higher shoot biomass 104 , 106 , 107 . During leaf cell expansion, cytokinins are responsible for cell wall elongation 108 , turgor pressure increases 104 , and endoreduplication 109 . Endoreduplication, also known as endoreplication, gives rise to cells with extra copies of genomic DNA 110 and contributes to the sizes of some specific types of cells in certain plant species during leaf expansion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development

Kang

et al. 2021

Hortic Res

125

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Leaves provide energy for plants, and consequently for animals, through photosynthesis. Despite their important functions, plant leaf developmental processes and their underlying mechanisms have not been well characterized. Here, we provide a holistic description of leaf developmental processes that is centered on cytokinins and their signaling functions. Cytokinins maintain the growth potential (pluripotency) of shoot apical meristems, which provide stem cells for the generation of leaf primordia during the initial stage of leaf formation; cytokinins and auxins, as well as their interaction, determine the phyllotaxis pattern. The activities of cytokinins in various regions of the leaf, especially at the margins, collectively determine the final leaf morphology (e.g., simple or compound). The area of a leaf is generally determined by the number and size of the cells in the leaf. Cytokinins promote cell division and increase cell expansion during the proliferation and expansion stages of leaf cell development, respectively. During leaf senescence, cytokinins reduce sugar accumulation, increase chlorophyll synthesis, and prolong the leaf photosynthetic period. We also briefly describe the roles of other hormones, including auxin and ethylene, during the whole leaf developmental process. In this study, we review the regulatory roles of cytokinins in various leaf developmental stages, with a focus on cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction processes, in order to shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development.

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Cytokinin induces expansin gene expression inMelilotus albaDesr. wild-type and the non-nodulating, non-mycorrhizal (Nod^-Myc^-) mutant Masym3

Cited by 12 publications

References 59 publications

Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads

Structure and Development of the Legume-Rhizobial Symbiotic Interface in Infection Threads

New Aspects of Phloem-Mediated Long-Distance Lipid Signaling in Plants

The diverse roles of cytokinins in regulating leaf development

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