In the perspective of a sustainable energy economy, CO2\ud
reduction is attracting increasing attention as a key step toward the synthesis of fuels and valuable chemicals. A possible strategy to develop novel conversion catalysts consists in mimicking reaction centers available in nature, such as those in enzymes in which Fe, Ni, and Cu play a major role as active metals. In this respect, NiCu shows peculiar activity for both water-gas shift and methanol\ud
synthesis reactions. The identification of useful descriptors to engineer and tune the reactivity of a surface in the desired way is one of the main objectives of the science of catalysis, with evident applicative interest, as in this case. To this purpose, a crucial issue is the determination of the relevant active sites and rate-limiting steps. We show here that this approach can be exploited to design and tailor the catalytic activity and selectivity of a NiCu surface
We describe a first principles method to calculate scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images, and compare the results to well-characterized experiments combining STM with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The theory is based on density functional theory (DFT) with a localized basis set, where the wave functions in the vacuum gap are computed by propagating the localized-basis wave functions into the gap using a real-space grid. Constant-height STM images are computed using Bardeen's approximation method, including averaging over the reciprocal space. We consider copper adatoms and single CO molecules adsorbed on Cu(111), scanned with a single-atom copper tip with and without CO functionalization. The calculated images agree with state-of-the-art experiments, where the atomic structure of the tip apex is determined by AFM. The comparison further allows for detailed interpretation of the STM images.
Achieving control of the nanoscale structure of binary alloys is of paramount importance for the design of novel materials with specific properties, leading to, for example, improved reaction rates and selectivity in catalysis, tailored magnetic behavior in electronics, and controlled growth of nanostructured materials such as graphene. By means of a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we show that the complex self-diffusion mechanisms determining these key properties can be mostly defined by kinetic rather than energetic effects. We explain how in the Ni-Cu system nanoscale control of self-diffusion and segregation processes close to the surface can be achieved by finely tuning the relative concentration of the alloy constituents. This allows tailoring the material functionality and provides a clear explanation of previously observed effects involved, for example, in the growth of graphene films and in the catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide.
In the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) process, nitrogen oxides are selectively transformed to N2 by reductants such as ammonia. The specificity of this reaction on platinum-based catalysts was tentatively attributed to the formation of NH3–NO coadsorption complexes, as indicated by several surface science techniques. Here we combine scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to characterize the NH3–NO complex at the atomic scale on the (111) surface of platinum, investigating the intermolecular interactions that tune the selectivity. In this first article, we analyze the structures that arise upon coadsorption of NH3 and NO in terms of adsorption sites, geometry, energetics, and charge rearrangement. An ordered 2 × 2 adlayer forms, where the two molecules are arranged in a configuration that maximizes mutual interactions. In this structure, NH3 adsorbs on-top and NO on fcc-hollow sites, leading to a cohesional stabilization of the extended layer, calculated to be 0.29 eV/unit cell. The calculated vibrational energies of the coadsorption structure agree with the experimental values found in the literature
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