Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) can be utilized as a feedstock for dimethyl ether (DME) production through the gasification route. DME has similar characteristics to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Therefore, it can be used as a substitute for LPG. Some research has been conducted on DME as a substitute for LPG from various aspects. However, little research was focused on the economic study of OPEFB-based DME as an LPG substitute and its contribution towards saving the LPG import budget. This study aims to find DME plant feasibility, and to assess its contribution to the LPG import budget reduction, especially in the Kalimantan region. The DME price at the depot is calculated based on the ex-factory price of DME, transportation cost, and depot fee. The OPEFB-based DME plant capacity is 994 t day-1 OPEFB, which produces 192 t day-1 DME. From an economic perspective, the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period (PP) are USD 93.1 million, 17%, and 10 years, respectively, based on 30 years of plant life and USD 185.4 million investment. Only 57% of the DME-LPG mix can be distributed to fulfill Kalimantan region demand per year, while the savings on the import budget is USD 5.81 million y-1. The OPEFB-based DME plant capacity and capital expenditure (CAPEX) are the most sensitive to perturbance, whereas OPEFB feed price is the least sensitive.
Abstract-There have been so many effort have been done to reduce poverty. The poor has decreased. However, it is still remain vulnerable. The existence of economic turmoil, such as crop failure and rising fuel prices would quickly raise up poverty. The empowerment of the poor is done uniformly and pay less attention to the character of the poor, especially their the social psychology character. High economic growth often ignores the poor and marginalized. Therefore, inclusive growth can play an important role in alleviating poverty.This research is supposed to identify the social phsycology character of the productive poor, local wisdom related to poverty reduction, as well as develop a model of self-helping program for poverty alleviation.This study identified two groups of poor who has different social psychology character. The first group is the group of the poor who tend to accept poverty as destiny. This group considers that education is not important and subsistence work. This group tend to be found in rural which has low levels of mobility, and the people tend to be homogeneous. Secondly, the groups of poor who believe that poverty can be changed. They argue that the key factor to get out of poverty is education. Most of them set aside part of their income to live better in the future. This group tend to be found in urban which has high levels of mobility, and people are more likely heterogeneous Index Terms-Empowerment, inclusive growth, productive poor, poverty alleviation, social phsycology. I. INTRODUCTIONPoverty is one of the problems faced by provinces in Indonesia, including Central Java. According to Indonesian Statistic's data, the number of poor in Central Java in March 2011 amounted 5,107 million people (15.76 percent to total population), much less than in March 2010. The poor in Central Java has decreased, however it is still remain vulnerable. The existence of economic turmoil, such as crop failure and rising fuel prices would quickly raise up poverty.The high growth of economy sometimes ignoring the poor and marginalized people. Therefore, high growth of economy sometimes resulting an increase in inequality 1. The Increasing in inequality may have implications such as a Manuscript received November 19, 2013; revised February 20, 2014 raising in the rate of poverty, political instability and social instability as well as lower growth itself. Then, Central Java implements pro-poor, pro-jobs and pro-growth to address poverty. When the inequalities occur, it could mean that development does not in line with the concept of inclusive growth. Reference [2] shows the main source for inclusive growth and poverty alleviation is the field of productive and decent employment, social security and increasing the capability of the basic needs of the community. It is not enough to make inclusive growth materialized, if the poverty alleviation just rely on aid or granting and so do the empowerment of the poor is done uniformly. It is important to consider the characters of the poor, especially the socia...
There is no regulation in emerging markets, i.e. Indonesia imposing the gender diversity quota. Therefore, based on the different characteristics and attributes between developed and emerging markets, this study aims to analyze the impact of the boardroom’s gender diversity on the quality of accruals, i.e. earnings in big Indonesian firms. This study used a sample of 100 big manufacturing firms in Indonesia. Moreover, this paper utilized a widely used proxy for the quality of earnings and the boardroom’s gender diversity. Data panel with fixed effect method was used to compute the quality of accruals while path analysis was utilized for hypotheses testing. Furthermore, the results showed evidence that the boardroom’s gender diversity indirectly influenced the quality of accruals through cash flow variability. However, the presence of female directors is not a significant inducement for managers to report better quality of earnings. The managerial implication of this study is that the boardroom’s gender diversity is good for the emerging markets since it supports better accounting accruals indirectly. Future studies should incorporate many industries and consider the potential of endogeneity, which has not been tackled in this paper.
Currently, economic globalization brings a big impact for business environment in Indonesia. The competition capability is one of requirement to access a broader market. Instead of the manufacture’s competence itself, a conducive macroeconomic condition will support the global competition. If the target of business is a wider market, the stability of currency should be a sustain factor. One of the currency’s risks is exchange rate volatility. The bigger volatility, the bigger risk and unstable condition hence will impede intervention to foreign market. Nowadays ASEAN establish the new integration process after the AFTA trading agreement is not sufficient to construct market and generate a better welfare. AFTA is created for a better and extensive economic integration in 2020 namely ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Based on more stable economic integration, European Union, it can be concluded that a monetary agreement, moreover the common currency wi l l create more stable economic condition and exchange rate. A heterogeneous economic system, per capita income, economic level, currency and exchange rate among ASEAN countries being a problem for adjustment. This study observes the exchange rate volatility in ASEAN countries. The results of this study showed that the based on the financial integration framework indicator, ASEAN countries require a lot of adjustment that will make a more convergence economic policy to construct financial integration frameworkKeywords : Globalization, AEC, currency volaality, bussines development
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