The composition of human milk is dynamic and can vary according to many maternal factors, such as diet and nutritional status. This study investigated the association of maternal nutrition and body composition with human milk composition. All measurements and analyses were done at three time points: during the first (n = 40), third (n = 22), and sixth (n = 15) month of lactation. Human milk was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer (HMA), body composition was measured with bioelectrical bioimpedance (BIA) using a Maltron BioScan 920-II, and the assessment of women’s nutrition was based on a three-day dietary record. The correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) did not show a significant statistical relationship between human milk composition and nutrients in women’s diet at three time points. For women in the third month postpartum, we observed moderate to strong significant correlations (r ranged from 0.47 to 0.64) between total protein content in milk and the majority of body composition measures as follows: positive correlations: % fat mass (r = 0.60; p = 0.003), fat-free mass expressed in kg (r = 0.63; p = 0.001), and muscle mass (r = 0.47; p = 0.027); and negative correlation: % total body water (r = −0.60; p = 0.003). The variance in milk fat content was related to the body mass index (BMI), with a significant positive correlation in the first month postpartum (r = 0.33; p = 0.048). These findings suggest that it is not diet, but rather the maternal body composition that may be associated with the nutritional value of human milk.

Background: Human milk is the optimal nutrition for newborns and infants during the first period of their life -from birth to 6-th month. It contains a uniquely quantitative and qualitative balanced nutrients profile. Composition of breast milk is dynamic and may vary according to maternal nutritional status. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate associations between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status. Material and methods: One-day milk samples were provided by exclusively breastfeeding mothers (n=40) at the first month of lactation. Protein -total and true, fat, carbohydrate, dry matter and energy content were determined using the Human Milk Analyzer by MIRIS. The anthropometric measurements (current body weight, height) were used to calculate current body mass index (BMI). On this basis, we assessed nutritional status of examined population. Results: For the majority of women (75%, n=30) currently BMI value was in range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 , for the rest of women it was ≥ 25 kg/m 2 . The median macronutrient composition per 100 ml of mature breast milk was 7.0 g for carbohydrate, 1.1 g for protein, 3.5 g for fat, 11.9 for dry matter and energy content was 66.0 kcal. Maternal body mass index was positively related to lipid, dry matter and energy breast milk content (p<0.05). Conclusions:The majority of examined women in the first month of lactation was in normal state of nutrition. For the rest of women BMI values indicated for overweight. Our results confirm correlation between human milk composition and maternal nutritional status, especially in matters of energy value and fat content in human milk. STRESZCZENIEWprowadzenie: Mleko kobiece jest jedynym optymalnym pokarmem dla noworodków i niemowląt od chwili urodzenia do ukończenia 6 miesiąca życia. Unikalność pokarmu kobiecego wynika z idealnie dobranej ilościowo i jakościowo kompozycji składników. Skład mleka kobiecego jest dynamiczny i może się różnić w zależności od stanu odżywienia kobiety karmiącej. Cel: Celem badania była analiza zależności między składem mleka kobiecego a stanem odżywienia kobiety karmiącej piersią. Materiał i metody: Próbki mleka pochodzące z dobowej zbiórki mleka zostały dostarczone przez 40 zdrowych kobiet karmiących dzieci wyłącznie. Badanie prowadzono w pierwszym miesiącu laktacji. W otrzymanym materiale oznaczono zawartość białka całkowitego i białka odżywczego, tłuszczu, węglowodanów, suchej masy oraz wartość energetyczną, używając analizatora składu mleka (HMA MIRIS). Aktualny wskaźnik masy ciała BMI badanej populacji został wyliczony na podstawie dokonanych pomiarów antropometrycznych (masa i wysokość ciała). Na tej podstawie oceniono stan odżywienia matek karmiących piersią uczestniczących w badaniu. Wyniki: Dla 30 kobiet (75%) BMI mieściło się w zakresie 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2 , dla pozostałych (25%) przekraczało 25.0 kg/ m 2 . Mediana zawartości makroskładników w mleku kobiecym wynosiła dla białka -1.1 g/100 ml, dla węglowodanów 7.0 g/100 ml, dla tłuszczu 3.5 g/100 ml, dla suchej masy 11.9 g/100 m...

This study determined fatty acid (FA) concentrations in maternal milk and investigated the association between omega-3 fatty acid levels and their maternal current dietary intake (based on three-day dietary records) and habitual dietary intake (based on intake frequency of food products). Tested material comprised 32 samples of human milk, coming from exclusively breastfeeding women during their first month of lactation. Milk fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with MS detector 5972A. We did not observe any correlation between current dietary intake of omega-3 FAs and their concentrations in human milk. However, we observed that the habitual intake of fatty fish affected omega-3 FA concentrations in human milk. Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients were 0.25 (p = 0.049) for DHA, 0.27 (p = 0.03) for EPA, and 0.28 (p = 0.02) for ALA. Beef consumption was negatively correlated with DHA concentrations in human milk (r = −0.25; p = 0.046). These findings suggest that current omega-3 FA intake does not translate directly into their concentration in human milk. On the contrary, their habitual intake seems to markedly influence their milk concentration.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the developed world. Simple hepatic steatosis is mild, but the coexistence of steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proper dietary and pharmacological treatment is essential for preventing NAFLD progression. The first-line treatment should include dietary intervention and increased physical activity. The diet should be based on the food pyramid, with a choice of products with low glycemic index, complex carbohydrates in the form of low-processed cereal products, vegetables, and protein-rich products. Usage of insulin-sensitizing substances, pro- and prebiotics, and vitamins should also be considered. Such a therapeutic process is intended to support both liver disease and obesity-related pathologies, including insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and blood hypertension. In the pharmacological treatment of NAFLD, apart from pioglitazone, there are new classes of antidiabetic drugs that are of value, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 analogs and sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 antagonists, while several other compounds that target different pathogenic pathways are currently being tested in clinical trials. Liver biopsies should only be considered when there is a lack of decline in liver enzymes after 6 months of the abovementioned treatment. Dietary intervention is recommended in all patients with NAFLD, while pharmacological treatment is recommended especially for those with NASH and showing significant fibrosis in a biopsy.

The aim of the study was to analyze cardiometabolic risk factors andcarotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in obese children. We studied 122 obese children fulfilling the criteria of the International Obesity Task Force and 58 non-obese children. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and adiponectin were assessed in all children. Glucose and insulin during the oral glucose tolerance test were assessed in obese children. The IMT was determined using ultrasound B-mode imaging in 81 obese and 32 non-obese children. We found that obese children had significantly higher levels of lipid andother non-lipid atherogenic indicators, but lower levels of adiponectin compared with non-obese children. The difference in the mean carotid IMT was insignificant in the two groups. Taking the combined groups, the level of adiponectin correlated negatively with body mass index and lipid atherogenic indicators. The IMT strongly correlated with systolic blood pressure in obese children. In the children fulfilling the criteria of metabolic syndrome, 17 out of the 84 obese children older than 10 years of age, IMT was greater than in those who did not fulfil these criteria. We conclude that the coexistence of abdominal obesity with abnormal lipid profile and hypertension leads to the early development of atherosclerosis accompanied by increased carotid intima-media thickness. Obesity initiates the atherosclerotic processes in early childhood.

Introduction Obesity is a major health problem in Poland and around the world. Excessive gain in early childhood is an important risk factor for the development of obesity. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of obesity in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old obese children. Material and methods The study group: 656 overweight and obese children aged 5–18 years old. The patients’ height and weight were measured, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Overweight: BMI between 85 th -97 th percentile and obesity: BMI > 97 th were defined using World Health Organization. BMI < +2 SDS as overweight, BMI ≥ +2 SDS as class I obesity, and BMI ≥ 3 SDS as class II. Measurements from the health books of children aged 2 ( n = 626), 4 ( n = 533) and 6 ( n = 518) years old were analyzed. Results Mean age: 12.25 ±2.90 years, BMI SDS: +2.54 ±0.60. There were 100 overweight (15.2%) and 556 obese (84.8%) children in the group, including 143 patients with class II obesity (21.8%). Children < 10 years old comprised 28%. It was established that 36.6% of the patients were overweight or obese at the age of 2 years old. At the age of 4, the percentage was 73.9%, and at the age of 6, it was as high as 84%. Conclusions 1. The children studied had excess body weight from early childhood. The prevalence of obesity increased with age. 2. Systematic monitoring of developmental parameters in children is essential from an early age.

IntroductionRecently, the incidence of obesity, especially extreme obesity, has significantly increased. It is connected with inappropriate lifestyle, including a high calorie diet, psychological and genetic factors, some medications, diseases or infectious factors. Nowadays, the consumption of food is not only to satisfy a physiological need, but also fulfils psychological needs. The most effective method of morbid obesity treatment is metabolic surgery. Moreover, food is considered to be a reward and method of coping with stress. In order to improve the efficiency of the surgical treatment, it seems significant to assess the effects of psychological factors on eating behaviours.AimTo evaluate the effects of stress on eating habits that increase the risk of extreme obesity.Material and methodsThe study included 50 subjects qualified for bariatric surgery. The authors’ own questionnaire and standardised PSS-10 questionnaire by Cohen, Kamarcki and Mermelstein adapted by Juczyński and Ogińska-Bulik were used.ResultsThese questionnaires indicated that patients felt a moderate levels of stress but with a tendency for high levels. The majority of respondents declared an increased appetite due to stress-causing factors. Reasons for snacking most frequently included negative emotions and feeling like eating something. Consumption of additional snacks was a way of coping with stress. Most frequently the subjects ate sweets and salty snacks, but also sandwiches, nuts, fruit and alcohol beverages.ConclusionsPsychological support may help morbidly obese people both to change nutritional habits and to cope with stress.

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