Resumo: Os métodos de pontos interiores apresentam bons resultados na resolução de problemas de fluxo de potênciaótimo CC, porém, podem sofrer problemas numéricos quando variáveis de decisão permanecem, por diversas iterações, próximas a valores de fronteira, influenciando na convergência do método. Estes erros numéricos ocorrem com mais frequência quando há sobrecargas de geração e/ou transmissão no sistema. Estas sobrecargas podem ocasionar blackouts devido a incapacidade de satisfazer a demanda ou mesmo de transmitir a carga gerada, ocasionando em um problema infactível.A fim de eliminar estas dificuldades destes métodos,é proposta uma troca de função barreira, substituindo a barreira logarítmica clássica pela modificada. Esta mudança permite que haja violações controladas em algumas restrições de desigualdade, permitindo o uso em problemas de fluxo de potência com sobrecargas. Estudos de casos são feitos simulando situações normais e de sobrecargas no sistema IEEE-30.
Aims:To analyze the qualitative answers profile of an anonymous standardized survey, with qualitative and quantitative questions, about the Brazilian psychiatrists' perceptions on their use of the multiaxial diagnostic systems ICD 10 and DSM-IV and on their expectations about future revisions of these classifications (ICD-11 and DSM-V).Method:the questionnaire, elaborated by Graham Mellsop (New Zealand), was translated into Portuguese and sent through mail to 1050 psychiatrists affiliated to the Brazilian Psychiatry Association. The quantitative analysis is presented elsewhere.Results:One hundred and sixty questionaries returned (15,2%). From these, 71,1% of the open questions where answered. The most needed and/or desirable qualities in a psychiatric classification were found to be: simplicity, criteria clarity, objectivity, comprehensibility, reliability and ease to use. The axis I of the ICD-10 was reported to be the most used due to its instrumental character in addition to being the official classification, including for legal and bureaucratic purposes. The DSM-IV was also used in the everyday practice, mostly for education and research purposes, by psychiatrists with academic affiliations. The less frequent use of the multiaxial systems was justified by the lack of training and familiarity, the overload of information and by the fact they are not mandatory. It was evaluated that some diagnostic categories must be reviewed, like: mental retardation, eating disorders, personality disorders, sleeping disorders, child and adolescence disorders, affective and schizoaffective disorders.Conclusion:This material offers a systematic panorama about the psychiatrists' opinions and expectations concerning the diagnostic instruments used in the daily practice.
IntroductionHypersexuality is a relatively common condition among children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. It can be related to mental retardation, bipolar disorder, sexual abuse and others. Some studies in old-age psychiatry showed improvement of inappropriate sexual behaviors of demented patients with the use of cimetidine.ObjectivesWe intended to analyze the clinical response to cimetidine, regarding inappropriate sexual behaviors, in children and adolescents of a psychiatric outpatient service.AimsTo show that cimetidine can be used for treatment of children and adolescents who present hypersexuality symptoms, with good outcomes and reasonable prices.MethodsWe analyzed the medical records of 11 individuals (12-20 years-old), from the outpatient psychiatric service for children and adolescents of the Campinas State University's Clinical Hospital, who were prescribed cimetidine due to inappropriate sexual behaviors. We evaluated the clinical response, socio-demographic profiles, associated disorders, and use of other medications.ResultsWe found that 7 patients had a significant improvement in inappropriate sexual behaviors after starting cimetidine, with some periods of absence of symptoms. Other 3 patients had a partial response. Only one had no response to cimetidine, which was discontinued.ConclusionThis study suggests that cimetidine can be a possible pharmacological alternative for the treatment of hypersexuality in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
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