Four experiments investigated the effect of trains of clicks (usually 5 s long and at 5 or 25 Hz) on subjective duration in humans, as previous research had suggested that such a manipulation would speed up the pacemaker of an internal clock by increasing participants' arousal. The four experiments used temporal generalization, pair comparison of duration, verbal estimation, and production of short durations. In all cases, preceding the durations to be judged by clicks changed their subjective length in a manner broadly consistent with the idea that pacemaker speed was increased, by an average of about 10%.
This article provides a detailed analysis of the World Trade Organisation ("WTO") panel report on the EU-Biodiesel dispute which represents the latest development of the WTO jurisprudence on anti-dumping. The panel's decision has significant implications for the rising use of Particular Market Situation ("PMS") by traditional users of antidumping (such as Australia) against economies like China in anti-dumping investigations. The panel correctly established that a finding of PMS does not provide a sufficient ground for the use of surrogate costs in the determination of constructed normal value ("CNV") and that the use of that methodology would result in the imposition of antidumping duties in excess of dumping margins that should have been established consistently with the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement, that is, by using actual costs recorded by exporters under investigation. It is argued that both Australia's anti-dumping laws which essentially authorise the use of surrogate costs in the construction of normal value solely based on a finding of PMS and Australia's use of that methodology in practice are contrary to WTO rules. The panel's decision, therefore, is a positive step toward the resolution of the issues related to PMS by imposing constraints on the use of a protectionist methodology in determining CNV so as to prevent unjustified inflation of dumping margins and anti-dumping duties.
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