Fire is a natural disturbance in savannas, and defines vegetation physiognomy and structure, often influencing species diversity. Fire activity is determined by a wide range of factors, including long and short term climatic conditions, climate seasonality, wind speed and direction, topography, and fuel biomass. In Brazil, fire shapes the structure and composition of cerrado savannas, and the impact of fire on vegetation dynamics is well explored, but the drivers of variation in fire disturbance across landscapes and over time are still poorly understood. We reconstructed 31 years of fire occurrence history in the Serra do Cipó region, a highly-diverse cerrado landscape, located in the southern portion of the Espinhaç o mountain range, state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. We mapped burn scars using a time series of Landsat satellite images from 1984 to 2014. Our questions were 1) How does fire occurrence vary in time and space across the Serra do Cipó cerrado landscape? 2) Which climatic drivers may explain the spatial and inter-annual variation in fire occurrence on this landscape? 3) Is fire occurrence in this cerrado landscape moisture-limited or fuel-limited? We evaluated the inter-annual variation and distribution of burned areas, and used linear models to explain this variation in terms of rainfall amount (determinant of fuel load production), seasonal rainfall distribution (determinant of dry fuel availability), abnormality of precipitation (Standardized Precipitation Index-SPI), and vegetation type (Enhanced Vegetation Index-EVI). Contrary to our expectations, annual rainfall volume was weakly and negatively correlated with burned area, and the strongest predictor of burned area was drought during the ignition season. The length of the dry season and the distribution of rain along the season determined ignition probability, increasing fire occurrence during the driest periods. We conclude that the mountain cerrado vegetation at Serra do Cipó has a moisture-dependent fire regime, in contrast to the fuel-dependent fire regimes described for African savannas. These findings imply that savannas at different continents may have different recovery and resilience capabilities when subjected to changes in the fire regime, caused by direct anthropogenic activities or indirectly through climatic changes. The possible effects of these changes on cerrado landscapes are still unknown, and future studies should investigate if currently observed fire regimes have positive or negative impacts on vegetation diversity, recovery, resilience and phenology, thus helping managers to include fire management as conservation measure.
Os reformadores empresariais e as políticas educacionais: análise da influência do movimento todos pela base nacional comum no processo de construção da BNCC
O estudo é proveniente de pesquisa de mestrado em andamento e integra pesquisa interinstitucional realizada por pesquisadores da UNICAMP, UNESP, USP. Tem como objetivo investigar a atuação dos atores privados que compõem o Movimento Todos pela Base (MBNC) na rede estadual do Espírito Santo (ES), no período de 2013-2019. Para tanto, foram mapeadas as ações, programas e projetos que esses atores têm oferecido à rede estadual para a área de currículo. O mapeamento foi realizado no site da secretaria estadual de educação do ES e no banco de dados Mapeamento de atores privados na educação pública do Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Política Educacional (GREPPE). Os resultados preliminares evidenciam que houve um aumento significativo de projetos iniciados em 2019 e que, em sua maioria, os projetos são voltados para a categoria dos docentes. Esse aumento pode estar relacionado com a aprovação da Base e seu prazo de implementação.
En Brasil hemos visto varias fuerzas del movimiento empresarial actuando como protagonistas en la discusión de las políticas educativas formuladas en los últimos siete años. Esta injerencia pretende explorar la educación como una nueva frontera económica con el objetivo de formar una nueva generación de trabajadores para hacer frente a las exigencias del capitalismo del siglo XXI. Entonces, nuestro objetivo será explorar el papel del movimiento empresarial brasileño en la construcción de un consenso en torno a la necesidad de crear una nueva política curricular, la Base Común Curricular Nacional (BNCC); en especial, la actuación de los actores del Movimiento Todos por la Base (MBNC). Para ello, presentaremos una breve historia que demuestra cómo este segmento fue un catalizador en este debate y, además, abordaremos el concepto de calidad que ha planteado esta reforma.
Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar la actuación de los actores privados que integran el “Movimiento por la Base” en 2013-2019. El análisis tiene como corte espacial las redes estatales de educación del Sureste brasileño. Se pretende presentar las influencias que el sector privado ha causado en la construcción y sentido del currículo a través de su desempeño histórico. La metodología utilizada implicó la investigación sistemática en bases de datos públicas de las Secretarías de Estado de Educación del país. Los resultados indican que el sector privado ha ingresado con mayor facilidad al sistema público, especialmente a través de programas de privatización curricular, principalmente en el contexto de la educación secundaria, desatando un complejo proceso de privatización de la educación pública estatal en Brasil.
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