The control of parasitic diseases in small ruminants is mainly done with the use of synthetic anthelmintics. However, incorrect and indiscriminate use of these products has caused the emergence of parasite resistance. Plants with anthelmintic activity are used in folk veterinary medicine, but it is necessary to investigate and scientifically validate low-cost phytotherapeutic alternatives for future use to control gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants by family farmers. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic effect of plant extracts from Melia azedarach and Trichilia claussenii by the egg hatch test (EHT) and larval development test (LDT) against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. The hexane extract of M. azedarach fruits was extracted through cold percolation and the methanol extract of T. claussenii leaves was obtained by extraction at room temperature in solvents in order of increasing polarity. The efficacy results were analyzed using the Probit program of SAS. The M. azedarach extract showed a LC(50) of 572.2 μg/mL and LC(99) of 1137.8 μg/mL in the EHT, and LC(50) of 0.7 μg/mL and LC(99) of 60.8 μg/mL in the LDT. In turn, the T. claussenii extract presented a LC(50) of 263.8 μg/mL and LC(99) of 522.5 μg/mL in the EHT and LC(50) of 1.1 μg/mL and LC(99) of 26.4 μg/mL in the LDT. Comparing the extracts of the species from the Meliaceae family, T. claussenii showed greater anti-parasite potential in vitro than M. azedarach. However, studies on the isolated compounds, toxicity and administration forms to animals are also needed to validate low-cost alternative herbal remedies for use to control gastrointestinal nematodes by family farmers.
Artigocoloração branco-amareladas. Popularmente, são conhecidas como catiguá, caatiguá, cedrinho e angelim-rosa, e têm ocorrência de São Paulo até o Rio Grande do Sul. Recentemente, ensaios biológicos realizados sobre S. frugiperda com os extratos dos ramos, folhas e frutos de T. elegans e T. catigua evidenciaram efeitos significativos sobre este inseto, o que serviu de estímulo para o estudo químico destas espécies.O presente trabalho descreve o isolamento e a caracterização estrutural das cumarinas escoporona (1), escopoletina (2), umbeliferona (3), o limonoide 11β-acetoxiobacunona (4), e a mistura dos esteroides estigmasterol, β-sitosterol, sitostenona e campesterol para a espécie T. elegans, e os limonoides cedrelona (5), angolensato de metila (6) e mistura epimérica de fotogedunina (7 e 8) para a espécie T. catigua. A presença de limonoides em sementes de T. elegans já havia sido anteriormente registrada, 13 porém o limonoide 4 está sendo relatado pela primeira vez no gênero Trichilia; já as demais substâncias estão sendo descritas pela primeira vez em suas respectivas espécies. Encontra-se também neste trabalho o primeiro relato do isolamento de limonoides na espécie T. catigua. PARTE EXPERIMENTAL Procedimentos experimentais gerais Os espectros de RMN1 H e 13 C (uni e bidimensionais) foram obtidos em espectrômetro Bruker DRX 400 MHz, utilizando-se CDCl 3 e CD 3 OD como solventes e TMS como padrão interno. Os espectros de massas forma obtidos em aparelho da Micromass, modelo Micromass Quattro LC.Para identificação dos esteroides foi utilizado cromatógrafo com fase gasosa acoplado ao espectrômetro de massas, marca Shimadzu, modelo QP-5000, com coluna capilar DB-5 (30 m x 0,25 mm), utilizando as seguintes condições: temperatura do injetor: 250 °C, gás de arraste: He, temperatura inicial do forno: 150 °C por 1 min, velocidade de aquecimento a 6 °C/min até 280 °C, permanecendo nessa temperatura por 15 min. O espectro de massas foi obtido por impacto de elétrons a 70 eV.*e-mail: paulo@dq.ufscar.br CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS E ATIVIDADE INSETICIDA DOS EXTRATOS DE FRUTOS DE Trichilia elegans E T. catigua (MELIACEAE)Andréia Pereira Matos, Liliane Nebo, Paulo Cezar Vieira*, João Batista Fernandes e Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13560-970 São Carlos -SP, Brasil Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, CP 9, 13418-900 Piracicaba -SP, BrasilRecebido em 18/9/08; aceito em 16/2/09; publicado na web em 3/7/09 CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY FROM FRUITS EXTRACTS OF Trichilia elegans AND T. catigua (Meliaceae). Phytochemical investigation of the fruits extracts of Trichilia elegans and Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae) has led to the identification of the limonoids 11β-acetoxyobacunone, cedrelone, methylangolensate and epimeric mixture of photogedunin besides known coumarins (scoparone, scopoletin, umbeliferone) and the steroids stigmaste...
The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic potential of leaves of Myrcia tomentosa, as well as to isolate and identify the main bioactive compounds. The results for the coleoptile and phytotoxicity bioassays indicated the ethyl acetate extract for the phytochemistry study, owing to the high activity and the maintenance of the activity at lower concentrations. This extract was chromatographed and subjected to 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. Two major active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of leaves of M. tomentosa: avicularin and juglanin. The fractions where these compounds were isolated showed potent inhibition of coleoptile growth. This paper is the first report on the presence of the flavonoids avicularin and juglanin in species of Myrtaceae from Neotropical savanna and provides a basis for future studies on the bioprospecting of M. tomentosa.
Microcapsules of sugarcane bagasse lignin loaded with organic extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) were prepared and evaluated as potential bioinsecticides. Lignins were extracted and modified by oxidation and acetylation reactions providing different biopolymers. Afterwards, they were characterized through several analytical techniques. The formulations were initially prepared as colloidal suspension of lignin nanoparticles, which were then spraydried. The products were submitted to quality control protocols using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thermal and photochemical degradation studies, followed by biological assays against Spodoptera frugiperda and Diatraea saccharalis. The formulations showed increases in both thermal and photo stability of approximately 40% compared with control samples. All the formulated microparticles were efficient against the insects evaluated and required a shorter time to achieve 100% mortality than the controls. The use of sugarcane bagasse lignins to prepare microparticles improved the resistance of neem extracts against abiotic factors, retaining the biological activity of this biopesticide.
The activities of two triterpenoids, ocotillone and cabraleadiol, and four limonoids, methyl angolensate, 3-β-deacetylfi ssinolide, 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin, and β-photogedunin, isolated from arillus of Carapa guianensis and fruits and seeds of Cabralea canjerana (Meliaceae), were evaluated against the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Gedunin was used as a positive control. 7-Deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin and β-photogedunin reduced the pupal weight as occurred with gedunin. Cabraleadiol, 3-β-deacetylfi ssinolide, and 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin prolonged the larval phase similar to the control (gedunin) of approximately 1.2 days at 50.0 mg kg-1. The highest insecticidal activity was obtained for β-photogedunin.
Recebido em 7/6/13; aceito em 14/6/13; publicado na web em 2/8/13INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF Pelargonium graveolens l'Herit AND Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown AGAINST Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Insecticidal activity of essential oils of Pelargonium graveolens, Lippia alba and compounds geraniol, linalool, 1,8-cineole, limonene, carvone, citral and Azamax ® were evaluated against Spodoptera frugiperda. Topical application assay showed essential oil of P. graveolens has acute toxicity against Spodoptera frugiperda larvae (third instar) with LD 50 1.13 µg/mg per insect and LD 90 2.56 µg/mg per insect. Three essential oils of L. alba also exhibited insecticidal activity with LD 50 ranging from 1.20 to 1.56 µg/mg per insect and LD 90 from 2.60 to 3.75 µg/mg per insect. Geraniol, linalool, carvone and citral caused significant mortality of 30, 90, 84 and 64% respectively, compared to negative control. The bioinsecticide, Azamax ® , caused lower mortality than the compounds of the essential oils.Keywords: Lippia alba; Pelargonium graveolens; Spodoptera frugiperda. INTRODUÇÃOA lagarta-do-cartucho do milho, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), é uma das principais pragas da cultura do milho, podendo seu dano levar à redução de até 34% no rendimento de grãos, dependendo principalmente do estádio da cultura em que ocorre o ataque.1,2 No milho, a lagarta é usualmente controlada com inseticidas sintéticos empregados quando a desfolhação é notada nas plantações. No entanto, há diversos problemas associados ao uso de pesticidas, especialmente na seleção de populações resistentes a tais moléculas e os efeitos maléficos sobre insetos benéficos (entomófagos) que auxiliam no equilíbrio ecológico.2 Dessa forma, novas técnicas alternativas de controle vêm sendo buscadas, incluindo-se, dentre elas, os inseticidas de origem vegetal. A busca de novos derivados vegetais tem sido intensificada uma vez que, de forma geral, os inseticidas naturais não são persistentes, ou seja, degradam-se com maior velocidade que os sintéticos, não deixando resíduos nos alimentos ou no meio-ambiente.Os terpenos encontrados em óleos essenciais tais como monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos, compostos produzidos no metabolismo secundários das plantas, são alvos de inúmeros estudos como bioinseticidas, pois uma das principais finalidades destas classes de compostos é a proteção contra insetos-pragas em plantas. 3Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown e Pelargonium graveolens L'Herit são grandes produtoras de óleos essenciais e tem diversas aplicações, principalmente nas indústrias de perfumaria, cosméticos e farmacêutica. L. alba é uma planta medicinal aromática que ocorre praticamente em todas as regiões do Brasil. 4 Vários compostos voláteis fazem parte da composição química majoritária do óleo desta planta, entre os quais se destacam citral (geranial + neral), linalol, limoneno, carvona, cânfora e 1,8-cineol. 5 P. graveolens é conhecida como malva cheirosa ou gerânio e foi introduzida na Índia no início do século 20.6 Segundo alguns estudos, cit...
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