PCR and nested-PCR methods were used to assess the frequency of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infection in Boophilus microplus engorged females and eggs and in cattle reared in an area with endemic babesiosis. Blood and the engorged female ticks were from 27 naturally infested calves and 25 crossbred cows. The frequency of both Babesia species was similar in calves and cows (P>0.05). Babesia bovis was detected in 23 (85.2%) calves and in 25 (100%) cows and B. bigemina was detected in 25 (92.6%) calves and in 21 (84%) cows. Mixed infections with the both Babesia species were identified in 42 animals, 21 in each age category. Of female ticks engorged on calves, 34.9% were negative and single species infection with B. bigemina (56.2%) was significantly more frequent (P<0.01) than with B. bovis (4.7%). Most of the females (60.8%) engorged on cows did not show Babesia spp. infection and the frequency of single B. bovis infection (17.6%) was similar (P>0.05) to the frequency of single B. bigemina infection (15.9%). Mixed Babesia infection was lower (P<0.01) than single species infection in female ticks engorged either in cows (5.7%) or in calves (4.3%). An egg sample from each female was analysed for the presence of Babesia species. Of the egg samples from female ticks infected with B. bovis, 26 (47.3%) were infected while from those from female ticks infected with B. bigemina 141 (76.6%) were infected (P<0.01). The results showed that although the frequency of both species of Babesia was similar in calves and cows, the infectivity of B. bigemina was higher to ticks fed on calves while to those ticks fed on cows the infectivity of both Babesia species was similar.

Dietary phosphorus consumption has risen steadily in the United States. Oral phosphorus loading alters key regulatory hormones and impairs vascular endothelial function which may lead to an increase in left ventricular mass (LVM). We investigated the association of dietary phosphorus with LVM in 4,494 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, a community-based study of individuals free of known cardiovascular disease. The intake of dietary phosphorus was estimated using a 120-item food frequency questionnaire and the LVM was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Regression models were used to determine associations of estimated dietary phosphorus with LVM and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Mean estimated dietary phosphorus intake was 1,167 mg/day in men and 1,017 mg/day in women. After adjustment for demographics, dietary sodium, total calories, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and established LVH risk factors, each quintile increase in the estimated dietary phosphate intake was associated with an estimated 1.1 gram greater LVM. The highest gender-specific dietary phosphorus quintile was associated with an estimated 6.1 gram greater LVM compared to the lowest quintile. Higher dietary phosphorus intake was associated with greater odds of LVH among women, but not men. These associations require confirmation in other studies.

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This study evaluated the resistance of cattle of different genetic groups to the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with traits of the animals' hair and coat. Cows of the Senepol×Nelore (SN), Angus×Nelore (AN) and Nelore (NX) genetic groups were submitted to four consecutive artificial infestations, at 14-day intervals, each one with approximately 20,000 tick larvae placed on the animals' lumbar region. From the 19th to 23rd day of each infestation five counts of the number of ticks were performed on each animal's left body side. The tick count data (TTC) were transformed into log(10) (n+1), and also into percentage of return (PR), where n is the total number of ticks counted at each infestation. Hair samples were collected 24h after the last infestation with flat-nosed pliers. Measures of the average hair length (HL), coat thickness (CT), number of hairs per cm(2) (NHCM2) and weight of the samples (SW) were obtained. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated within genetic group to measure association between PR and the hair and coat data. There was a significant difference among genetic groups for the number of ticks, with the AN group having higher counts than the SN and NX groups. For the hair and coat traits, the NX and SN groups had lower values of HL and SW than did the AN group. The SN genetic group had lower NHCM2 counts than the NX and AN groups. There were positive correlations between TTC and CT (P<0.05) and SW (P<0.05) in the SN group. No significant correlation was found for the AN genetic group (P>0.05).

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RESUMO -Avaliou-se o grau de infestação natural por ectoparasitas em fêmeas bovinas de corte de três grupos genéticos. Foram realizadas contagens, de julho de 2003 a dezembro de 2004, de carrapatos (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus),moscas-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans) e bernes (larvas de Dermatobia hominis) em fêmeas dos grupos genéticos Nelore (NE), Angus × Nelore (AN), Canchim × Nelore (CN) e Simental ×Nelore (SN) infestadas naturalmente. Foram feitas de 6 a 10 contagens em cada animal, totalizando 5.384 observações em fêmeas de sete estádios fisiológicos (bezerras, novilhas vazias, novilhas prenhes, vacas primíparas, com ou sem bezerro, e vacas pluríparas, com ou sem bezerro). Os dados, transformados por log 10 (n + 1), foram analisados pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, com um modelo estatístico que incluiu os efeitos de grupo genético da fêmea, de animal dentro de grupo genético (erro a), de ano-época da contagem, de estádio fisiológico e da interação grupo genético × ano-época da contagem. A diferença entre os grupos genéticos dependeu do ano-época da contagem, contudo, em geral, as fêmeas nelores foram as menos infestadas pelo carrapato e as Angus × Nelore, as mais infestadas pela mosca-dos-chifres e pelo berne. Houve efeito de estádio fisiológico da fêmea em todas as três características estudadas, e as diferenças variaram com a característica. Apesar da interação grupo genéitco × ano-época de contagem, existem diferenças entre os grupos genéticos Nelore, Canchim × Nelore, Angus × Nelore e Simental × Nelore quanto ao grau de infestação natural por carrapatos, por moscas-dos-chifres e por bernes. Natural infestation by external parasites in beef cattle females in southern BrazilABSTRACT -It was evaluated in this work, the degree of natural infestation by external parasites in beef cattle females from three genetic groups. Countings of cattle tick (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus), horn fly (Haematobia irritans) and beef-worm (Dermatobia hominis) were performed from July 2003 to December 2004 in females from the genetic groups Nellore (NE), Angus × Nellore (AN), Canchim × Nellore (CN), and Simmental × Nellore (SN) naturally infested. It was realized from 6 to 10 countings in each animal, totalizing 5,384 observations in females at seven physiological stages (calf; empty heifers, pregnant heifers, primiparous cows with or without calf; and pluriparous cows, with or without calf). Data, which were transformed by log 10 (n + 1), were analyzed by the least square method with a statistical model that included effects of the female genetic group, of the animal within a genetic group (error a), year-season counting, physiological state, and year-season × genetic group interaction. Differences among genetic groups depended on year-season counting; however, in general, Nellore females were the least infected by ticks, and Angus × Nellore females were the most infected by horn flies and by beef-worms.There was a physiological stage effect of the female in all the three studied characteristics and the di...

Resistance of beef cattle heifers to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was evaluated by artificial infestation of 66 beef cattle heifers of the following genetic groups: 16 Nelore (NE), 18 Canchim x Nelore (CN), 16 Angus x Nelore (AN) and 16 Simmental x Nelore (SN). The animals, with a mean age of 16.5 months, were maintained with no chemical tick control in a Brachiaria decumbens pasture. Four artificial infestations with 20,000 B. microplus larvae were carried out 14 days apart and from day 18 to day 22 of each infestation the number of engorged female ticks (≥ 4.5 mm) was counted on the left side of each heifer. Data were analyzed as the percentage of return (PR = percentage of ticks counted relative to the number infested), transformed to (PR) 1/4 , and as log 10 (C ij + 1), in which C ij is the number of ticks in each infestation, using the least squares method with a model that included the effects of genetic group (GG), animal within GG (error a), infestation number (I), GG x I and the residual (error b). Results indicated a significant GG x I interaction, because AN and SN heifers had a higher percentage of return than CN and NE heifers, while CN heifers showed a higher percentage of return than the NE heifers only in infestations 3 and 4. Transformed percentages of return were NE = 0.35 ± 0.06, AN = 0.89 ± 0.06, CN = 0.54 ± 0.05 and SN = 0.85 ± 0.06.

Resistance to natural infection by gastrointestinal nematodes was compared in 67 female calves of the following genetic groups: Nelore (NX); 1/2 Senepol+1/2 Nelore (SN); and 1/2 Aberdeen Angus+1/2 Nelore (AN). The NX (n=26), SN (n=23) and AN (n=18) animals were monitored for 14 months, during which they remained without treatment, allowed to graze in a tropical environment. Eggs per gram of feces (EPG), coprocultures and packed cell volume (PCV) were carried out monthly. No significant effects of the interaction between the genetic groups and month/year of collection and the genetic group on the EPG were found, but there was a significant influence of the month of collection (P<0.01). The monthly PCV measurements did not differ for the animals of the three genetic groups and there was no association found between the EPG and PCV. The animals of the SN and NX groups showed similar numbers of EPG with results zero, while for the AN group these numbers were significantly lower (P<0.05). Although the NX group had a large number of EPG with results zero, it also contained many animals with high counts, meaning this group had higher averages during the entire study period. The following nematode genera were found in the coprocultures: Haemonchus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Trichostrongylus, the latter in smallest proportion. There was no significant difference between the genetic groups for averages of all parasites identified, except Cooperia, which were present in higher numbers in the animals of the NX group (P<0.05). The results obtained in this experiment suggest that the use of Bos taurus x Bos indicus crossbreeds can be a good strategy to reduce the use of chemical control in Brazil.