There is considerable interest in identifying new antioxidants from plant materials. Several studies have emphasized the antioxidant activity of species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. However, there are few reports on these species from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna). In this study, the antioxidant activity and phenolic content of 12 native Myrtaceae species from the Cerrado were evaluated (Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Eugenia bimarginata, Eugenia dysenterica, Eugenia klotzschiana, Hexachlamys edulis, Myrcia bella, Myrcia lingua, Myrcia splendens, Myrcia tomentosa, Psidium australe, Psidium cinereum, and Psidium laruotteanum). Antioxidant potential was assessed using the antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the DPPH method and total phenolic content (TPC) by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. There was a high correlation between TPC and AAI values. Psidium laruotteanum showed the highest TPC (576.56 mg GAE/g extract) and was the most potent antioxidant (AAI = 7.97, IC 50 = 3.86 µg·mL −1 ), with activity close to that of pure quercetin (IC 50 = 2.99 µg·mL −1 ). The extracts of nine species showed IC 50 of 6.24-8.75 µg·mL −1 . Most species showed TPC and AAI values similar to or higher than those for Camellia sinensis, a commonly consumed tea with strong antioxidant properties. The results reveal that the analyzed Myrtaceae species from the Cerrado possess high phenolic contents and antioxidant activities. Thus, they are a potential source of new natural antioxidants. Keywords

Allelopathy is a type of biotic interference wherein a plant releases bioactive metabolites into an environment, thereby aff ecting the adjacent biota. Stressful environments stimulate the production of these metabolites. Th e present study tests the novel weapons hypothesis, which postulates that species belonging to the same genus and from the same environment have similar allelopathic eff ects. Th e aim of this study was to assess the allelopathic eff ects that the aqueous leaf extracts of 15 species belonging to fi ve genera of the Myrtaceae family have on the seed germination and initial seedling growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and onion (Allium cepa L.). Germination rates, average germination times, informational entropy of germination and allelopathic eff ects, as quantifi ed with a response index, were calculated. A taxonomic distance matrix based on Gower dissimilarity and a Euclidean distance matrix were constructed. Th e results revealed that all extracts from donor species signifi cantly increased average germination time or reduced the germination rate of eudicotyledonous plant species. Th e only extracts that showed no eff ect on monocotyledonous seeds were those of Campomanesia pubescens O. Berg and Psidium cinereum Mart. We conclude that eudicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants were both signifi cantly aff ected by the presence of all extracts tested. Our results make it clear that each species behaves distinctly in relation to allelopathic activity, with no apparent grouping by genus or subtribe. Th erefore, the hypothesis was rejected, because plants from the same environment and with taxonomic proximity do not necessarily display similar production of secondary metabolites.

RESUmo -Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae), nome popular de guaçatonga ou chá-de-bugre é um arvore amplamente distribuída pelo Brasil e com uso fitoterápico pela população humana que a explora nos ambientes nativos. o objetivo do presente estudo foi fornecer informações sobre o período das fenofases reprodutivas, sua morfologia e germinação de sementes de C. sylvestris, avaliando a existência de variabilidade do comportamento germinativo em lotes de diferentes procedências. Sementes de duas procedências, Itirapina-SP e Ibiporã-PR, com teor de água de 14,5% e 22,86%, respectivamente, foram germinadas, na ausência de luz, em temperaturas constantes de 27, 30 e 33 ºC ou sob fotoperíodo de 12 h em temperatura alternada de 20-30 ºC, em câmaras BoD. o efeito de reguladores de crescimento foi verificado com soluções de giberelina (10 ou 20 mgL-1 ) ou cinetina (5 ou 10 mgL-1 ) ou água, sob 27 ºC. o teste de tetrazólio mostrou que 32% das sementes do lote SP e 66% do PR apresentavam-se viáveis. os lotes apresentaram o padrão trifásico de embebição de água, diferindo nos tempos de emissão da raiz primária. No teste de temperatura foi determinada a faixa ótima de germinação entre 27 e 30 ºC para os lotes. o uso de reguladores de crescimento não foi eficaz em melhorar o desempenho das sementes. As plântulas emergidas do lote SP foram mais vigorosas (maior massa), porém de tamanho menor em relação ao lote PR. Após o armazenamento o lote SP apresentou redução na viabilidade e no vigor e o lote PR redução apenas no vigor.Termos para indexação: floração, frutificação, armazenamento. CHARACTERIZATIoN AND GERmINATIVE BEHAVIoR oF CASEARIA SYLVESTRIS SWARTZ SEEDS (SALICACEAE)ABSTRACT -Casearia sylvestris Swartz (Salicaceae) is a tree species widely distributed throughout Brazilian vegetation and it is used for medicinal purposes by the human population who exploit natural environment. The purpose of the present study was to provide information about the reproductive phenofases, the morphology and germination of C.sylvestris seeds, and verify the existence of variability in the germination behavior according the source of the seed sample. Seeds from two different sources, Itirapina-SP and Ibiporã-PR, with 14,5% and 22,86% water content, respectively, were germinated in the absence of light at constant temperatures of 27º, 30º and 33 ºC and a 12h photoperiod in alternating temperatures from 20-30 ºC, in BoD chambers. The effect of growth

The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic potential of leaves of Myrcia tomentosa, as well as to isolate and identify the main bioactive compounds. The results for the coleoptile and phytotoxicity bioassays indicated the ethyl acetate extract for the phytochemistry study, owing to the high activity and the maintenance of the activity at lower concentrations. This extract was chromatographed and subjected to 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. Two major active compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of leaves of M. tomentosa: avicularin and juglanin. The fractions where these compounds were isolated showed potent inhibition of coleoptile growth. This paper is the first report on the presence of the flavonoids avicularin and juglanin in species of Myrtaceae from Neotropical savanna and provides a basis for future studies on the bioprospecting of M. tomentosa.

Research on allelopathic interactions can be useful in the search for phytotoxins produced by plants that may be employed as natural herbicides. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic action of aqueous leaf extract of Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens and Myrcia tomentosa on the germination and development of three weeds. The working hypothesis was that leaf extracts of Myrtaceae may negatively influence the development of weed species. Aqueous leaf extracts at 5 and 10% (g mL -1 ) were tested on the germination and growth of Euphorbia heterophylla, Echinochloa crus-galli and Ipomoea grandifolia and compared with the herbicide oxyfluorfen and distilled water (control). The most extracts caused pronounced delays in seed germination and inhibited the growth of seedlings of E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia and E. crus-galli, with the last target species had no growth shoot inhibited by the extracts. In this study, the potential and efficiency of the tested aqueous leaf extracts were evident because they were more phytotoxic to the weeds than the herbicide. Thus, the aqueous extracts of leaves from Myrtaceae species show potential for the isolation of active compounds that can be used for the production of natural herbicides in the future.Efeito fitotóxico de extrato foliar aquoso de quatro espécies de Myrtaceae sobre três espécies infestantes de cultura RESUMO. Estudos relacionados à interações alelopáticas podem ser úteis na busca por fitotoxinas produzidas por plantas que podem ser empregadas como herbicidas naturais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade fitotóxica de extratos aquosos de folhas de Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Myrcia multiflora, Myrcia splendens e Myrcia tomentosa sobre a germinação e o desenvolvimento de três plantas infestantes de culturas agrícolas. A hipótese testada neste trabalho foi que extratos foliares de Myrtaceae podem influenciar negativamente sobre o desenvolvimento de espécies infestantes de cultura. Foram testados os extratos foliares aquosos a 5 e 10% (g mL -1 ) sobre a germinação e crescimento de três espécies infestantes de cultura e comparados com o herbicida oxyfluorfen e água destilada (controle). A maioria dos extratos promoveram atrasos acentuados na germinação de sementes e inibiram o crescimento de plântulas de E. heterophylla; I. grandifolia e E. crus-galli, apenas esta última espécie alvo não apresentou inibição no crescimento de sua parte aérea pelos extratos. O presente estudo comprovou o potencial e a eficiência dos extratos, uma vez que foram mais fitotóxicos às espécies infestantes que o herbicida. Assim, extratos foliares aquosos de espécies de Myrtaceae apresentam potencial para isolamento de compostos que poderão ser usados para produção de herbicidas naturais no futuro.Palavras-chave: alelopatia, germinação, crescimento, herbicida. 242Imatomi et al.

Phenolic compounds are a group of plant secondary metabolites known to have a variety of bioactivities, including the ability to function as antioxidants. Because of the side effects of the use of synthetic substances, the search for natural and less toxic compounds has increased significantly. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and phenol content of hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of the bark (suber) and stems as well as the young and mature leaves of Blepharocalyx salicifolius. The extracts were obtained by extraction with organic solvents and subsequent fractionation by chromatographic partition coefficient. Preliminary tests for the presence of antioxidants were performed using bioautography in thin-layer chromatography. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and the phenol content of the extracts was quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. The results showed that 9 of the 12 extracts evaluated displayed very strong antioxidant activity and three displayed moderate activity. Aqueous extracts of the young leaves and bark and the ethyl acetate extract of the young leaves showed the highest levels of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC). A correlation was observed between TPC and antioxidant activity index (AAI) with a correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of 0.7999. Thus, the high phenol content of B. salicifolius extracts and its correlation with antioxidant activity provide substrates for further studies.Keywords: bioactivity, Brazilian Savana (Cerrado), leaf maturation stage, Myrtaceae, scavenging free radicals.Atividade antioxidante e teor de polifenóis de extratos de cascas (súber), caule, folhas jovens e folhas maduras de Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg (Murta) ResumoOs polifenóis são um grupo de metabólitos secundários vegetais que possuem uma variedade de bioatividades conhecidas, dentre elas a capacidade de funcionar como antioxidantes. Devido aos efeitos colaterais do uso excessivo de substâncias sintéticas, a busca por compostos naturais e menos tóxicos têm aumentado significativamente. Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a atividade antioxidante e o teor de polifenóis dos extratos hexânicos, acetato de etila e aquosos de cascas (súber), caules, folhas jovens e folhas maduras de Blepharocalyx salicifolius. Os extratos foram obtidos por meio de extração com solventes orgânicos e subsequente fracionamento em cromatografia por coeficiente de partição. Testes preliminares da presença de compostos com atividade antioxidante foram realizados por meio de bioautografia em cromatografia de camada delgada. Os extratos foram submetidos ao teste da capacidade sequestrante do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) para quantificação da atividade antioxidante e submetidos ao teste com o reagente de Folin-Ciocalteu para quantificação dos polifenóis. Os resultados mostraram que dos 12 extratos avaliados, 9 apresentaram atividade antioxidante muito forte e 3 atividad...

In recent years, natural products with antifungal and antioxidant activities are being increasingly researched for a more sustainable alternative to the chemicals currently used for the same purpose. The plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata is a causative agent of diseases in citrus, leading to huge economic losses. Antioxidants are important for the production of medicines for various diseases that may be related to the presence of free radicals, such as cancer, and in the cosmetic industry as an anti-aging agent and the food industry as preservatives. This study evaluated the antifungal and antioxidant potential of extracts of mature leaves of Myrcia splendens, a tree species that occurs in the Brazilian Cerrado. The antioxidant potential was analyzed by an assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging method, and the antifungal activity was assessed through the evaluation of mycelial growth. Majority of the extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, especially the acetonic extract (4A). The antioxidant activity may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds. However, the extracts showed no inhibitory activity of mycelial growth of the fungus tested, with the exception of dichloromethanic extract (2B), which had an inhibitory effect (10.2%) at the end of testing.

The loss of leaves by plant species found in the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is an energetically expensive process due to adverse environmental conditions and predation by herbivory. The mature leaves have adaptations which minimize these events. However, the young individuals lack these structures and produce high leaf concentrations of secondary metabolites as a form of protection. These compounds can be used in bioprospection of natural herbicides. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the phytotoxicity of hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of young leaves from Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg on the elongation of wheat coleoptiles (Triticum aestivum L.) and evaluate the potential phytotoxic of ethyl acetate extract on germination, growth and cell size of metaxylem of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seedlings. The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited the elongation of wheat coleoptiles at all concentrations; however, the most promising results were observed in coleoptile fragments treated with the ethyl acetate extract. This treatment changed the mean germination time and the synchrony of sesame seeds, inhibited the growth of shoots and roots, reduced the dry weight of seedlings, led to abnormalities in the seedlings and reduced the length of the metaxylem cells in the sesame seedlings. These results demonstrated the phytotoxic potential of young leaf extracts of B. salicifolius and the high phytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate extract in the initial development of S. indicum.Keywords: Triticum aestivum, Sesamum indicum, murta, allelopathy, bioactivity. Potencial fitotóxico de folhas jovens de