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While ecosystem-based planning approaches are increasingly promoted through international and national policies, municipalities are still struggling with translating them into practice. Against this background, this paper aims to increase knowledge of current advances and possible ways to support the implementation of the ecosystem services approach at the municipal level. More specifically, we analyze how services provided by ecosystems have been integrated in comprehensive planning within the municipality of Malmö in Sweden over the last 60 years, a declared forerunner in local environmental governance. Based on a content analysis of comprehensive plans over the period 1956-2014 and interviews with municipal stakeholders, this paper demonstrates how planning has shifted over time towards a more holistic view of ecosystem services and their significance for human well-being and urban sustainability. Both explicit and implicit applications of the ecosystem service concept were found in the analyzed comprehensive plans and associated programs and projects. Our study shows how these applications reflect international, national, and local policy changes, and indicates how municipalities can gradually integrate the ecosystem services approach into comprehensive planning and facilitate the transition from implicit to more explicit knowledge use.

A method for monitoring hemodialysis based on quantitative infrared spectroscopic determination of the molecules dialyzed from patient blood is reported. The measurements are reagent-free and aim at real-time and in-line monitoring of the hemodialysis patient. A flow cell using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy is coupled downstream of the dialysis filter unit. A calibration model has been developed from real hemodialysis samples analyzed by chemical reference analysis and from artificially mixed dialysis samples. The infrared monitoring of hemodialysis includes quantitative determination of urea as the lead substance, as well as glucose, lactate, and creatinine, all at a precision only limited by the chemical reference analysis. The flow cell can be fitted to all standard hemodialysis systems. Preliminary tests with hemodialysis patients have demonstrated that detoxification can be clearly monitored. Furthermore, these experiments demonstrate that a wide, real-time control of the patient's physiological parameters is possible with this method, which could lead to increased patient safety.

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Blood constituents such as urea, glucose, lactate, phosphate and creatinine are of high relevance in monitoring the process of detoxification in ambulant dialysis treatment. In the present work, 2 different vibrational spectroscopic techniques are used to determine those molecules quantitatively in artificial dialysate solutions. The goal of the study is to compare the performance of near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in hyphenation with partial least squares regression (PLSR) directly by using the same sample set. The results show that MIR spectroscopy is better suited to analyze the analytes of interest. Multilevel multifactor design is used to cover the relevant concentration variations during dialysis. MIR spectroscopy coupled to a multi reflection attenuated total reflection (ATR) cell enables reliable prediction of all target analytes. In contrast, the NIR spectroscopic method does not give access to all 5 components but only to urea and glucose. For both methods, coefficients of determination greater or equal to 0.86 can be achieved in the test-set validation process for urea and glucose. Lactate, phosphate and creatinine perform well in the MIR with R ≥ 0.95 using test-set validation.

Dedicated to Professor Heribert Offermanns on the occasion of his 75 th birthdayInfrared spectroscopy in combination with a specially developed attenuated total reflection (ATR) flow cell and multivariate analysis was used for the quantitative analysis of beer and other beverages. IR spectra of samples were obtained in the range from below 1000 cm −1 to 4000 cm −1 and subjected to a multivariate analysis based on calibration sets with laboratory reference standards. In the case of beer, this calibration set included 240 beer samples spanning the entire range of ethanol content, extract and CO 2 . Based on this calibration, an infrared and UV/Vis spectroscopy-based sensor for the quick and quantitative quality control of beer was developed and subjected to extensive tests in breweries. This sensor meets and exceeds all requirements from brewers for the routine control in the production and bottling. Its use for other beverages, for example wine, juices or apple wine, requires only another set of calibration data for the specific beverage.

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