Adolescents (KiGGS).Parents reported on the time their children usually spend at home, in other indoor environments, and outdoors. This information was characterized by statistical parameters, which were also calculated for different 40 strata concerning socio-demography and the residential environment. Consequently, group differences were evaluated by t-tests and univariate ANOVA. Reference distributions were fitted to the time-location data by a Maximum Likelihood approach to make them also useable in probabilistic exposure modeling. Finally, associations between data on the children's physical activity as well as body weight and their outdoor time were investigated by bivariate correlation analysis and cross tabulation.
55GerES IV provides a compilation of current time-location reference values and distributions on German children. This data hint to substantial differences in time-location patterns within the population to be considered in environmental health risk assessment.
Abstract:The knowledge on particle deposition in streams is mainly based on investigations in mountain streams. No data exist from low-gradient sand-bed streams that largely differ in the morphological and hydraulic factors proposed to affect deposition. To identify physical control on particle deposition in low-gradient streams, we assessed deposition of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter in 18 sand-bed stream reaches. We added particles derived from lake sediment and assessed the mean transport distance S P and the deposition velocity v dep . Additionally, reach hydraulics were estimated by injections of a conservative solute tracer (NaCl). Among the low-gradient streams, particle deposition kinetics were variable but similar to deposition in mountain streams. S P was solely related to the flow velocity. This relation was confirmed when comprising published data on deposition of fine organic particles. An association between particle deposition and transient storage factors was insignificant. We found significance of the transient storage to S P only for repeated measures within a single reach, when flow velocity and benthic conditions were nearly constant. Measured v dep /v fall ratios were much larger than unity in most reaches. Evidence from this relation suggests that the vertical transport of very fine and ultra fine organic particulate matter through the water column was caused mainly by vertical mixing.
The German Environmental Survey for Children (GerES IV) is the environment-related module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) of the Robert Koch Institute and the fourth GerES of the Federal Environment Agency. The main objective of GerESs is to analyse and document the extent, distribution and determinants of exposure to environmental pollutants of the German general population. GerES IV was performed from 2003 to 2006. A total of 1.790 children aged 3-14 years from 150 sampling locations participated in GerES IV. Samples of blood, urine, tap water, house dust and indoor air were analysed. Hearing tests, measurements of traffic noise and interviews to get exposure-related information were conducted. First results indicate a clear decrease of the exposure to arsenic, lead and mercury. Cotinine concentrations in urine can be used to classify the exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke. The examination of the tap water used in the subjects' households indicates that in some households the guideline values of the German Drinking Water Ordinance were not always met. This is the case for nickel, copper and lead which are used as pipe material for domestic plumbing.
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