Tunable biaxial stresses, both tensile and compressive, are applied to a single layer graphene by utilizing piezoelectric actuators. The Gruneisen parameters for the phonons responsible for the D, G, 2D and 2D' peaks are studied. The results show that the D peak is composed of two peaks, unambiguously revealing that the 2D peak frequency (omega(2D)) is not exactly twice that of the D peak (omega(D)). This finding is confirmed by varying the biaxial strain of the graphene, from which we observe that the shift of omega(2D)/2 and omega(D) are different. The employed technique allows a detailed study of the interplay between the graphene geometrical structures and its electronic properties.
Ferroelectricity in functional materials remains one of the most fascinating areas of modern science in the past several decades. In the last several years, the rapid development of piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and spectroscopy revealed the presence of electromechanical hysteresis loops and bias-induced remnant polar states in a broad variety of materials including many inorganic oxides, polymers, and biosystems. In many cases, this behavior was interpreted as the ample evidence for ferroelectric nature of the system. Here, we systematically analyze PFM responses on ferroelectric and nonferroelectric materials and demonstrate that mechanisms unrelated to ferroelectricity can induce ferroelectric-like characteristics through charge injection and electrostatic forces on the tip. We will focus on similarities and differences in various PFM measurement characteristics to provide an experimental guideline to differentiate between ferroelectric material properties and charge injection. In the end, we apply the developed measurement protocols to an unknown ferroelectric material.
Strong Coulomb repulsion and spin–orbit coupling are known to give rise to exotic physical phenomena in transition metal oxides. Initial attempts to investigate systems, where both of these fundamental interactions are comparably strong, such as 3d and 5d complex oxide superlattices, have revealed properties that only slightly differ from the bulk ones of the constituent materials. Here we observe that the interfacial coupling between the 3d antiferromagnetic insulator SrMnO3 and the 5d paramagnetic metal SrIrO3 is enormously strong, yielding an anomalous Hall response as the result of charge transfer driven interfacial ferromagnetism. These findings show that low dimensional spin–orbit entangled 3d–5d interfaces provide an avenue to uncover technologically relevant physical phenomena unattainable in bulk materials.
The first examples of single crystal epitaxial thin films of a high entropy perovskite oxide are synthesized. Pulsed laser deposition is used to grow the configurationally disordered ABO 3 perovskite, Ba(Zr 0.2 Sn 0.2 Ti 0.2 Hf 0.2 Nb 0.2 )O 3 , epitaxially on SrTiO 3 and MgO substrates. X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the films are single phase with excellent crystallinity and atomically abrupt interfaces to the underlying substrates. Atomically-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy mapping shows a uniform and random distribution of all B-site cations. The ability to stabilize perovskites with this level of configurational disorder offers new possibilities for designing materials from a much broader combinatorial cation pallet while providing a fresh avenue for fundamental studies in strongly correlated quantum materials where local disorder can play a critical role in determining macroscopic properties.
We report on the use of helium ion implantation to independently control the out-of-plane lattice constant in epitaxial La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 thin films without changing the in-plane lattice constants. The process is reversible by a vacuum anneal. Resistance and magnetization measurements show that even a small increase in the out-of-plane lattice constant of less than 1% can shift the metal-insulator transition and Curie temperatures by more than 100°C. Unlike conventional epitaxy-based strain tuning methods which are constrained not only by the Poisson effect but by the limited set of available substrates, the present study shows that strain can be independently and continuously controlled along a single axis. This permits novel control over orbital populations through Jahn-Teller effects, as shown by Monte Carlo simulations on a double-exchange model. The ability to reversibly control a single lattice parameter substantially broadens the phase space for experimental exploration of predictive models and leads to new possibilities for control over materials' functional properties. The crystal lattice is one of the most accessible degrees of freedom in materials. In complex oxides, effective control over lattice parameters not only facilitates the understanding of multiple interactions in strongly correlated systems, but also creates new phases and emergent functionalities [1][2][3][4]. Lattice engineering has played an extremely important role in attempts to design strongly correlated systems and has led to many important discoveries [1,[5][6][7][8]. Control over lattice strain in films using different substrates [9] has revealed enhanced ferroelectricity [10] and superconductivity [11], as well as induced superconductivity in otherwise nonsuperconducting compounds [12]. However, the basic nature of the broken translational symmetry in the crystal lattice also entails a rigidity against arbitrary control [13]. There is so far no experimental technique that allows one to alter the lattice parameter solely along a single crystal axis, i.e., with an effective Poisson's ratio of zero. For strain engineering in systems with a nonzero Poisson ratio, the lattice constant, and hence the electronic structure, necessarily change in all three directions, clouding the cause-effect relations between single degrees of freedom and order parameters.We demonstrate an approach using helium implantation to effectively "strain dope" the lattice along a single axis of a La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 (LSMO) film that is epitaxially latticelocked to a substrate. The out-of-plane (c-axis) lattice constant can be modified independently of the in-plane lattice constants. The c-axis strain can be continuously manipulated, and is thus not restricted by the limited collection of substrates that dictate conventional epitaxial strain engineering. The change in materials' properties, while reversible via a high temperature anneal, is persistent even well above room temperature. No continuous external actuation is required as with transient pressure-induc...
A strain-induced change of the electrical conductivity by several orders of magnitude has been observed for ferromagnetic La(0.7)Sr(0.3)CoO(3) films. Tensile strain is found to drive the narrow-band metal highly insulating. Reversible strain applied using a piezoelectric substrate reveals huge resistance modulations including a giant piezoresistive gauge factor of 7000 at 300 K. Magnetization data recorded for statically and reversibly strained films show moderate changes. This indicates a rather weak strain response of the low-temperature Co spin state. We suggest that a strain-induced static Jahn-Teller-type deformation of the CoO(6) units may provide a localization mechanism that also has impact on electronic transport in the paramagnetic regime.
Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of (001) 0.72PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–0.28PbTiO3 (PMN–28%PT) single crystals have been investigated from cryogenic temperatures to 475 K. PMN–28%PT is used as piezoelectric substrate, e.g., in multiferroic heterostructures. Electric field-induced phase transformations have been examined by electrical characterization including measurements of polarization loops, dielectric permitivitty, and the resistance change in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 films deposited on the (001) face. The relaxor ferroelectric transition behavior was studied by means of time-dependent current measurements. A phase diagram is set up. PMN–28%PT is found to be at the border of the appearance of the monoclinc phase (MC) bridging the rhombohedral-tetragonal (R-T) transformation at higher PbTiO3 contents. Measurements of the lattice expansion reveal that a high piezoelectric effect persists down to low temperatures. Therefore, PMN–28%PT single crystals are found to be appropriate substrates for application of piezoelectric strain to thin films over a broad temperature range.
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