Peri-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal duration of planned delay before surgery in patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection. This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery during October 2020. Surgical patients with pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with those without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted 30-day mortality rates stratified by time from diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection to surgery. Among 140,231 patients (116 countries), 3127 patients (2.2%) had a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Adjusted 30-day mortality in patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection was 1.5% (95%CI 1.4-1.5). In patients with a pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, mortality was increased in patients having surgery within 0-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks and 5-6 weeks of the diagnosis (odds ratio (95%CI) 4.1 (3.3-4.8), 3.9 (2.6-5.1) and 3.6 (2.0-5.2), respectively). Surgery performed ≥ 7 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was associated with a similar mortality risk to baseline (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.5 (0.9-2.1)). After a ≥ 7 week delay in undertaking surgery following SARS-CoV-2 infection, patients with ongoing symptoms had a higher mortality than patients whose symptoms had resolved or who had been asymptomatic (6.0% (95%CI 3.2-8.7) vs. 2.4% (95%CI 1.4-3.4) vs. 1.3% (95%CI 0.6-2.0), respectively). Where possible, surgery should be delayed for at least 7 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients with ongoing symptoms ≥ 7 weeks from diagnosis may benefit from further delay.

ObjectiveTo identify factors that have contributed to reduced rates of death and complications after esophageal resection in a 17-year period at a tertiary referral center. Summary Background DataThere has been an evolving refinement in surgical technique and perioperative management of patients undergoing esophageal resection at Queen Mary Hospital during the past two decades. As of the end of 1998, there had been no hospital deaths among the last 105 consecutive resections performed for esophageal squamous cancer. MethodsThe results of esophageal resection for squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed using a prospective esophageal database. A longitudinal study was performed to compare and analyze rates of death and complications for three consecutive time periods. ResultsThe study group comprised 710 patients who underwent one-stage esophageal resection between 1982 and 1998. A transthoracic esophagectomy was the preferred approach in 590 patients (83%). The overall hospital death rate was 11%. The leading causes of hospital death were pulmonary complications (45.5%) and progression of malignant disease (21.5%); anastomotic leakage accounted for 9% of deaths. During the study period, the hospital death rate decreased from 16% to 3.2%, and the incidence of postoperative respiratory failure decreased from 15.5% to 6.5%. Perioperative factors that correlated with the decreased death rate over time were the increased postoperative use of epidural analgesia and bronchoscopy (for clearance of pulmonary secretions), a decrease in history of smoking, and a decrease in surgical blood loss of more than 1,000 mL. ConclusionsIn this series of predominantly transthoracic esophagectomies, there has been a decline in the hospital death rate to less than 5%. These results are largely attributable to factors aimed at reducing postoperative pulmonary complications.

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Atrial fibrillation is a surrogate for surgical morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. The occurrence of atrial fibrillation after esophageal resection should prompt not only the appropriate management of the arrhythmia but also a search for a more ominous underlying cause.

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In this literature review, inflammatory activity, oxidative stress as well as genetic abnormalities and mutations have been studied in an effort to identify factors predisposing to endometriosis.