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Ñ Multi-Energy Systems (MES), in which multiple energy vectors are integrated and optimally operated, are key assets in low-carbon energy systems. Multi-energy interactions of distributed energy resources via different energy networks generate the so-called distributed MES (DMES). While it is now well recognised that DMES can provide power system flexibility by shifting across different energy vectors, a systematic discussion of the main features of such flexibility is needed. This paper presents a comprehensive overview for DMES modelling and characterization for flexibility applications. The concept of Òmulti-energy nodeÓ is introduced to extend the power node model, used for electrical flexibility, to the multi-energy case. A general definition of DMES flexibility is given, and a general mathematical and graphical modelling framework, based on multi-dimensional maps, is formulated to describe the operational characteristics of individual MES and aggregate DMES, including the role of multi-energy networks in enabling or constraining flexibility. Several tutorial examples are finally presented with illustrative case studies on current and future DMES practical applications.

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A risk-based decision framework for the distribution company in mutual interaction with the wholesale day-ahead market and microgrids. IEEE transactions on industrial informatics 16(2), 764-778.