O uso de preservativos pelos jovens aumentou, o que não significa que sejam utilizados em todas as relações sexuais; além disso, seu uso varia durante a trajetória afetivo-sexual. Estudou-se a prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de preservativo na iniciação sexual e na última relação sexual, para moças e rapazes de 18-24 anos. Os dados são da Pesquisa GRAVAD, um estudo transversal com amostra probabilística estratificada, através de entrevistas domiciliares, em três capitais brasileiras. Na análise, utilizou-se regressão logística multinomial seguindo modelo hierarquizado. A prevalência de uso de preservativo na iniciação, dentre os usuários de métodos contraceptivos, foi 80,7% pelas moças e 88,6% pelos rapazes. Este uso cai para 38,8% e 56%, respectivamente, na última relação. Nos dois eventos, o uso de preservativo esteve associado, para ambos os sexos, ao pertencimento social e à idade da iniciação. A utilização do preservativo na iniciação determina o uso na última relação (OR = 2,42 para os rapazes e 1,89 para as moças). O maior uso de preservativo entre os jovens não implica uso continuado. As moças utilizaram menos preservativo, comparadas aos rapazes, nos eventos estudados.

OBJECTIVE:To analyze factors associated with the use of stimulants by truck drivers to stay awake. METHODS:A survey with 854 drivers was carried out at eight truck stops (seven gas stations and one border patrol post) located at fi ve cities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil) in 2006. The outcome "amphetamine use" was categorized as "yes" or "no". Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was conducted in order to select variables that would be included in the model, which was composed of variables regarding socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, information on profession and on alcohol consumption. RESULTS:Amphetamine was used by 12.4% of truck drivers in order to stay awake, either by itself or together with other substances (coffee, guaraná powder, energy drinks, snorted cocaine). Amphetamine was the most cited substance by those who consumed something to stay awake. Consumption of alcoholic drinks was mentioned by more than 70% of the interviewees. Among those who declared drinking alcohol, 45.1% reported drinking at least once a week. Once a week. Amphetamine use was associated with younger age, higher income, longer trips, and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS:Truck drivers' higher income implies increased workloads, which can result in physical and emotional stress, with consequent use of stimulants, as a temporary solution. The reduction in abusive consumption of alcohol and in the use of illicit substance, like amphetamines, by truck drivers depends not only on policies addressing prevention and treatment for drug abuse, but also on integrated policies ensuring better working and health conditions.

Introduction:Periodic monitoring of sociobehavior characteristics at a national level is an essential component of understanding the dynamics the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic worldwide, including Brazil.Methods:This paper compares descriptive sociobehavior characteristics in 2 national cross-sectional HIV biological behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSS) conducted in 2009 and 2016 among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil. Respondent driven sampling (RDS) was used for recruitment in both years. Overall proportions were weighted according to Gile's estimator using RDS Analyst Software and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for comparisons between the 2 periods. Further comparisons were stratified by age groups (<25 and 25+ years old).Results:Overall, 3749 and 4176 MSM were recruited in 2009 and 2016, respectively. In 2016, participants were younger than 25 years old (58.3%), with 12 or more years of education (70.4%), with higher socioeconomic status (40.7%), and had a higher proportion of whites (31.8%), as compared to 2009. Also, participants in 2016 reported less alcohol use and binge drinking, but used illicit drugs more frequently. There was an increase among MSM who self-reported their HIV risk as low and had low HIV knowledge while the proportion of those who were never tested for HIV dropped from 49.8% in 2009 to 33.8% in 2016. Although more than three-quarters received free condoms in both years, STD counseling remained low (32% and 38% for 2009 and 2016, respectively). Sexual risk behavior remained at high levels, especially unprotected anal receptive sex and sex with multiple partners. Younger MSM (<25 years old) showed riskier sexual practices than those 25+ years old, when comparing 2016 to 2009.Conclusions:Our results indicate a worrisome risk behavior trend among Brazilian MSM, especially among younger ones. These results can contribute for a better understanding of the HIV epidemics in Brazil, with timely shift in strategies so improved effectiveness in public health prevention efforts can be achieved.

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Introduction: High level of HIV/AIDS knowledge is required for an effective adoption of preventive strategies. Objective: To assess HIV/AIDS knowledge among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 Brazilian cities. Methods: Respondent-Driven Sampling method was used for recruitment. HIV/AIDS knowledge was assessed by Item Response Theory. Difficulty and discrimination parameters were estimated, and the knowledge score was categorized in three levels: high, medium, and low. Logistic regression was used for analysis. Results: Among 4,176 MSM, the proportion of high level of knowledge was 23.7%. The following variables were positively associated with high knowledge (p < 0.05): age 25+ years old, 12+ years of schooling, white skin color, having health insurance, having suffered discrimination due to sexual orientation, having had a syphilis test, and having received educational material in the previous 12 months. Exchanging sex for money was negatively associated. Conclusions: The proportion of only 23.7% of high HIV/AIDS knowledge was low. We should note that the only potential source of knowledge acquisition associated with high level of knowledge was receiving educational materials. Our study indicates the need for expansion of public prevention policies focused on MSM and with more effective communication strategies, including the development of knowledge that involves motivation and abilities for a safer behavior.

This paper reports human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the 2nd National Biological and Behavioral Surveillance Survey (BBSS) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in 12 cities in Brazil using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).Following formative research, RDS was applied in 12 cities in the 5 macroregions of Brazil between June and December 2016 to recruit MSM for BBSS. The target sample size was 350 per city. Five to 6 seeds were initially selected to initiate recruitment and coupons and interviews were managed online. On-site rapid testing was used for HIV screening, and confirmed by a 2nd test. Participants were weighted using Gile estimator. Data from all 12 cities were merged and analyzed with Stata 14.0 complex survey data analysis tools in which each city was treated as its own strata. Missing data for those who did not test were imputed HIV+ if they reported testing positive before and were taking antiretroviral therapy.A total of 4176 men were recruited in the 12 cities. The average time to completion was 10.2 weeks. The longest chain length varied from 8 to 21 waves. The sample size was achieved in all but 2 cities.A total of 3958 of the 4176 respondents agreed to test for HIV (90.2%). For results without imputation, 17.5% (95%CI: 14.7–20.7) of our sample was HIV positive. With imputation, 18.4% (95%CI: 15.4–21.7) were seropositive.HIV prevalence increased beyond expectations from the results of the 2009 survey (12.1%; 95%CI: 10.0–14.5) to 18.4%; CI95%: 15.4 to 21.7 in 2016. This increase accompanies Brazil's focus on the treatment to prevention strategy, and a decrease in support for community-based organizations and community prevention programs.

Estudo transversal com objetivo de verificar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) em mães adolescentes de 14 a 16 anos cujos bebês de até seis meses nasceram em Porto Alegre (RS), no ano de 2009. A composição da amostra teve como base 50% dos nascidos vivos da população em estudo. Foram entrevistadas 341 mães adolescentes em seus domicílios. As variáveis investigadas como possíveis determinantes do AME foram: sociodemográficas, de assistência pré e pós-natal, aspectos psicoemocionais maternos, condições de nascimento e características do bebê. As razões de prevalência (RP) foram obtidas por regressão de Poisson mediante análise hierarquizada. A prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo variou de 47,8% no primeiro mês de vida do bebê até 13,8% aos seis meses, diminuindo, em média, 24% a cada mês de vida (RP = 0,76; IC95%: 0,68-0,85). Além da idade do bebê, também estiveram associadas ao aleitamento materno exclusivo a escolaridade materna (RP = 1,53; IC95%: 1,18-1,98) e a multiparidade (RP = 1,57; IC95%: 1,02-2,46), esta última observada em apenas 4,7% da amostra. As mães adolescentes com maior escolaridade e que possuem filhos vivos de gestações anteriores apresentaram maior prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo.

O artigo tem como objetivo compreender como a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde dos Homens (PNAISH) chega aos serviços da Atenção Básica do Sistema Único de Saúde, a partir do ponto de vista dos seus profissionais. Acompanhamos o caminho trilhado pela PNAISH com um estudo, etnográfico, de cinco casos (de cada Macro Região do país). A análise está ancorada no referencial da Antropologia e emprega a ideia de street-level bureaucreacy, de Lipsky. A formulação da PNAISH é contextualizada em termos históricos e da produção de documentos internacionais e nacionais. Reconhecendo a distância entre formulação e implementação de qualquer política, buscamos compreender como tal distância foi se construindo, na tradução da PNAISH para Planos de Ação (PA) municipais. Observou-se desconhecimento dos agentes implementadores sobre a PNAISH, a rede local de atenção à saúde do homem, as técnicas para atender às especificidades dos homens e o conceito de gênero. A implementação esbarrou na ausência de condições institucionais, como uma estrutura organizacional, uma rede consolidada de atenção - em que o usuário seja atendido por serviços com diferentes graus de complexidade dentro do sistema - e recursos em geral, especialmente humanos.